.wB-iiv or ti.m'% uBRJii* JAN 24 1919 Cop => u ^zm X- " '■;%■.■■ ■■ r '■ THE UNIVERSITY -■ >-V,.^-r■ ■_:'. .\ '- ^. '.' ! OF ILLINOIS ^ i LIBRARY ■-'. ' ■:"-■ ■ .* ■'^' >>''■:"■ 4 '■ !•: ■r >^ -■"'■■■ •* JAM i4 1919 % Fourteenth ANNUAL Report I —OF THE — • .-;V| ILLINOIS I ■■■-.'" ■■■^ State Bee-Keepers' Association | w w tr Organized February 26, 1891, at Springfield, Illinois ? COMPILED BY JAMES A. STONE, Secretary, R. R. 4, Springfield, 111. sr iTir Springfield, III: Illinois State Register Print 1915 L\J^, Letter of Transmittal Office of the Secretary, / R. R. 4, SpringfiEi,d, Ili^m March 1, 1915. f To His Excellency Edward F. Dunne, Governor of the State of Illinois. ■ Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith the Fourteenth Annual Report of the Illinois State Bee-Keepers' Association. Respectfully submitted, James A. Stone, Secretary. 4i44i7 FATHER LANGSTROTH, Inventor of the Movable Frame Hive. OFFICERS — OF THE— Illinois State Bee-Keepers' Association FOR 1915 EMIL J. BAXTER, A. L. KILDOW, Nauvoo, II State Foul Brood Inspector. Vice-Presidents. President Putnam 1st— W. B. MOORE, - ■■-■■,_;■ ■-. : - - Altona 2d— AARON COPPIN, -. - ' - . - ■■■ :■■ - , 'v' - - - Wenona 3d— DR. A. C. BAXTER, • - : -_ ..... ;■- Springfield 4th— HENRY C DADANT, .- ; -^ - .: . -. - - Hamilton 5th— J. W. BOWEN, ■ -• ■. _ Jacksonville JAMES A. STONE, - . ' ■- - ■'.-■■ - ■': Secretary CHAS. BECKER, . _ ._ _. ■ ■ ■ , - - Treasurer Pleasant Plains. K List of members will appear in back of Report. Also Statistical Report. ^ ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION Formation of the Illinois State Bee-Keepers* Assocaition. Springrfield, 111., Feb. 26, 1891. The Capitol Bee-Keepers' Associa- tion was called to order by President P. J. England. Previous notice 'having been given that an effort would be made to form a State Association, and there being present- bee-keepers from dlfCerent parts of the State, by motion, a recess was taken in order to form such an Association. P. J. England was chosen temporary chairman and C. E. Tocum temporary secretary. On motion, the Chair ap- pointed Thos. G. Newman, C. P. I>a- dant and Hon. J. M. Hambaugh a com- mittee on constitution. Col. Chas. F. Mills addressed the meeting on the needs of a State As- sociation, and stated that it was his opinion that the bee-keepers should have a liberal appropriation for a State Apiarian Exhibit at the World's Col- umbian Exposition. A motion to adjourn till 1:30 p. m. prevailed. AFTERNOON SESSION. The Committee on Constitution re- ported a form for same, which, on motion, was read by the Secretary, by sections serially. Geo. F. Robbins moved to substitute the word "shall" for "may" in the last clause of Section 1, Article in. This led to a very animated discussion, and the motion was lost. J. A. Stone moved to amend the above-named section by striking out tihe word "ladies" and all that followed of the same section, which motion led to further discussion, and motion finally prevailed. Section 2, Article II., relating to a quorum, was, on motion, entirely stricken out. Mr. Robbins moved to amend Article V. by adding the words "Thirty dasrs' notice having been given to each mem- ber." Prevailed. Thos. G. Newman moved to adopt the Constitution, so amended, as a whole. Which motion prevailed. See Constitution. J. A. Stone moved that the Chair appoint a nominating committee of three on jjermanent organization. Pre- vailed. Chair appointed as such committee. Col. Ohas. F. Mills, Hon. J. M. Ham- baugh, and C. P. Dadant. Committee retired and in a few min- utes returned, submitting the follow- ing named persons as candidates for their respective offices: For President — P. J. England, Fancy Prairie. For Vice Presidents — Mrs. Jj. Harri- son, Peoria; C. P. Dadant, Hamilton; W. T. F. Petty, Pittsfield; Hon. J. M, Hambaugh, Spring; Dr. CC. Miller, Marengo. Secretary — Jas. A. Stone, Bradford- ton. Treasurer — ^A. N. Draper, Upper Al- ton. Mr. Black moved the adoption of the report of the committee on nomina- tions. The motion prevailed, and the officers as named by the committee were declared elected for the ensuing year. Hon. J. M. Hambaugh moved that Mr. Thos. G. Newman, editor Ameri- can Bee Journal, of Chicago, be made the first honorary member of the As- sociation. Prevailed. At this point Col. Chas. P. Mills said: "Mr. Chairman, I want to be the first one to pay my dollar for member- ship," at the same time suiting his action to his words, and others fol- lowed his example, as follows: CHARTER MEMBERS. Col. Chas. F. Mills, Springfield. Hon. J. M. Hambaugh, Spring. Hon. J. S. Lyman, Farmingdale. C. P. Dadant, Hamilton. Chas. Dadant, Hamilton. A. N. Draper, Upper Alton. S. N. Black. Clayton. Aaron Coppin, Wenona. Geo. F. Robbins, Mechanicsburg. J. W. Tocum, Williamsville. Thos. S. Wallace, Clayton. A. J. Cngland, Fancy Prairie. P. J. England, Fancy Prairie. C. E. Tocom, Sherman. Jas. A. Stone, Bradfordton. FIRST HONORARY MEMBER. - Thos. 6. Newman, editor American Bee Journal, Chicago. FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE State of Illinois— Department of State ISAAC N. PEARSON, Secretary of State. To all to whom these Prese7its shall come — Greeting: Whereas, A certificate duly signed and acknowledged having been filed in the office of the Secretary of State on the 27th day of February, A. D. 1891, for the organization of the Illinois State Bee-keepers' Association, under and In accordance with the provisions of "An Act Concerning Corporations," ap- proved April 18, 1872, and in force July 1, 1872, and all acts amendatory thereof, a copy of which certificate is hereunto attached. Now, Therefore, I, Isaac N. Pearson, Secretary of State, of the State of Illi- nois, by virtue of the powers and du- ties vested in me by law, do hereby certify that the said. The Illinois State Bee-Keepers' Association, is a legally organized corporation under the laws of the State. In Testimony Wihereof, I hereunto set my hand and cause to be affixed the great seal of State. Done 'at the City of Springfield, this 27th day of February, in the [Seal] year of our Lord one thou- sand eight hundred and nine- ty one, and the Independence of the United States the one hundred and fifteenth. L N. PEARSON, Secretary of State. STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) County of Sangamon, \^ '. To Isaac N. Pearson, Secretary of State: We, the undersigned. Perry J. Eng- land, Jas. A. Stone and Albert N. Dra- per, citizens of the United States, propgh^-to 'f orm, a corporation under an act of the General Assembly of the State- of 'Illinois, entitled "An Act Con- cerning Corporations," approved April 18, 1872, and all acts amendatory thereof; and for the purposes of such organizations, we hereby state as fol- lows, to- wit: 1. The name of such corporation is. The Illinois State Bee-Keepers' Asso- ciation. / 2. The object for which it is formed is, to promote the general interests of the pursuit of bee-culture. 3. The management of the afore- said Association shall be vested in a board of three Directors, who are to be elected annually. 4. The following persons are hereby selected as the Directors, to control and manage said corporation for the first year of its corporate existence, viz.: Perry J. England, Jas. A. Stone, and Albert N. Draper. 5. The location is in Springfield, in the County of Sangamon, State of Illi- nois. (Signed.) Perry J. England, Jas. A. Stone, Albert N. Draper. STATE OF ILLINOIS, / Sangamon County. f ^^* I, S. Mendenhall, a notary public in and for the County and State afore- said, do (hereby certify that on this 26th day of February, A. D. 1891, per- sonally appeared before me. Perry J. England, James A. Stone and Albert N. Draper, to me personally known to. be the same persons who executed the foregoing certificate, and severally ac- knowledged that they had executed the same for the purposes therein set forth. In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal the day and year above written. S. Mendenhall, [Seal] Notary Public.; I ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS —OF THE— Illinois State Bee-Keepers' Association CONSTITUTION Adopted Feb. 26, 1891. ARTICLE I.— Name. This organization shall be known as The Illinois State Bee-Keepers' Asso- ciation, and its principal place of busi- ness shall be at Springfield, 111. ARTICLE II.— Object. Its object shall be to promote the general interests of the pursuit of bee- cultm-e. ARTICLE III. — Membership. Section 1. Any person interested in Apiculture may become a member up- on the payment to the Secretary of an annual fee of one dollar ($L00). (Amendment adopted at annual meet- ing, November, 1905): And any affili- ating Association, as a body, may be- come members on the payment of an aggregate fee of fifty cents (50c) per member, as amended Nov., 1910. Sec. 2. Any persons may become hon- orary members by receiving a ma- jority vote at any regular meeting. ARTICLE rv.— Officers. Section 1. The officers of this Asso- ciation shall be. President, Vice-Presi- dent, Secretary and Treasurer. Their terms of office shall be for one year, or until their successors are elected and qualified. Sec. 2. The President, Secretary and Treasurer shall Constitute the Execu- tive Committee. Sec. 3. Vacancies in office — by death, resignation and otherwise — shall be filled by the Executive Com- mittee until the next annual meeting. ARTICLE V. — Amendments. This Constitution shall be amended at any annual meeting by a two-thirds vote of all the members present — thirty days' notice having been given to each member of the Association. BY-LAWS ARTICLE L The officers of the Association shall be elected by ballot and by a majority vote. ARTICLE n. It shall be the duty of the President to call and preserve order at all meet- ings cf this Association; to call for all reports of officers and committees; to put to vote all motions regularly sec- onded; to count the vote at all elec- tions, and declare the results; to de- cide upon all questions of order, and to deliver an address at each annual meeting. ARTICLE m. The Vice-Presidents shall be num- bered, respectively. First, Second, Third. Fourth and Fifth, and It shall be 10 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE the duty of one of them, in his re- spective order, to preside in the ab- sence of the President. ARTICLE IV. Section 1. It shall toe the duty of the Secretary to report all proceedings of the Association, and to record tlhe same, wihen approved, in the Secre- tary's book; to conduct all correspond- ence of the Association, and to file and preserve all papers belonging to the same; to receive the annual dues and pay them; over to the Treasurer, taking his receipt for the same; to take and record the name and address of every member of the Association; to cause tlie Constitution and By-Laws to be printed in appropriate form, and in such quantities as may be directed by the Executive Committee from time to time, and see that each member is provided with a copy thereof; to make out and publish annually, as far as practicable, statistical table showing tihe number of colonies owned in the spring and fall, and the amount of honey and wax produced by each mem- ber, together with such other informa- tion as may be deemed important, or be directed by the Executive Commit- tee; and to give notice of all meetings of the Association in the leading pa- pers of the State, and in the bee jour- nals at least four weeks prior to the time of such meeting. Sec. 2. The Secretary shall be al- lowed a reasonable compensation for his services, and to appoint an as- Bistant Secretary if deemed necessary. ARTICLE V. It shall be the duty of the Treasurer to take charge of all funds of the As- sociation, and to pay them out upa:. the order of the Executive Committee, taking a receipt for the same; and to render a report of all receipts and expenditures at each annual meeting. ARTICLE .VI. It shall be the duty of the Executive Committee to select subjects for dis- cussion and appoint members to de- liver addresses or read essays, and to transact all interim business. ARTICLE Vn. The meeting of the Association shall be, as far as practicable, gov- erned by the following order of busi- ness: I Call to order. Reading minutes of last meeting. President's address. Secretary's report. Treasurer's report. Reports of committees. Unfinished business. Reception of members and collection. Miscellaneous business. Election and installation of officers. Discussion. I Adjournment. ARTICLE VIIL These By-La^jps may be amended by a two- thirds vote of all the mem- bers present at any annual meeting. C. E. Yocom, Aaron Coppin, Geo. R Robbina ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPKRS' ASSOCIATION 11 Following is a copy of the law passed by the Illinois Legislature May 19th, and signed by the Governor June 7th, 1911, to take effect July 1st, 1911: State Foul Brood Law State Inspector of Apiaries. § 1 Preamble. State Inspector of Apiaries — appoint- ment — term — assistants — per diem. 2. Foul Brood, Etc. — what declared nuis- ances — inspection — notice to owner or occupant — treatment— abatement of nuisance — appeal. Annual Report. Penalties. HOUSE BILL No. 670. (Approved June 7, 1911.) An Act to prevent the introduction and spread in Illinois of foul brood among bees, providing for the appointment uf a State Inspector of Apiaries and prescribing his powers and duties. "Whereas, the disease known as foul brood exists to a very considerable ex- tent in various portions of this State, which, if left to itself, will soon ex- terminate the honey-bees; and Whereas, the work done by an in- dividual bee-keepeer or by a State in- spector is useless so long as the official is not given authority to inspect and, if need be, to destroy the disease when found; and Whereas, there is a great loss to the bee-keepers and fruit growers of the State each year by the devastating ravages of foul brood; Section 1. Be it enacted by the Peo- ple of the State of Illinois, represented in the General Assembly: That the Governor shall appoint a State inspec- tor of Apiaries, who shall hold his office for the term of two years, and until his successor is appointed and qualified, and who may appoint one or more assistants, as needed, to carry on the inspection under his supervision. The Inspector of Apiaries shall receive for each day actually and necessarily spent in the performance of his duties the sum of Four Dollars to be paid up- on bills of particulars certified to as correct by the said State Inspector of Apiaries, and approved by the Gov- ernor. Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of every person maintaining or keeping any colony or colonies of bees to keep the same free from the disease known as foul brood and from every contagious and infectious disease among bees. All bee-hives, bee-fixtures or appurten- ances where foul brood or other con- tagious or infectious diseases among bees exists, are hereby declared to be nuisances to be abated as hereinafter prescribed. If the inspector of apiaries shall have reason to believe that any apiary is infected by foul brood or other contagious disease, he shall have power to Inspect, or cause to be in- spected, from time to time, such apiary, and for the purpose of such inspection he, or his assistants, are authorized during reasonable business hours to enter into or upon any farm or prem- ises, or other building or place used for the purpose of propagating or nurtur- ing bees. If said inspector of apiaries, or his assistants, shall tfind by inspec- tion that any person, firm or corpora- tion is maintaining a nuisance as de- scribed in this section, he shall notify in writing the owner or occupant of the premises containing the nuisance so disclosed of the fact that such nuisance exists. He shall include in such notice a statement of the conditions consti- tuting such nuisance, and order that 12 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL, REPORT OP THEj the same be abated within a specified time and a direction, written or printed, i)ainting out the methods which shall be taken to abate the same. Such notice and order may be served per- sonally or by depositing the same in the post office properly stamped, ad- dressed to the owner or occupant of the land or premises upon which such nuisance exists, and the direction for treatment may consist of a printed circular, bulletin or report of the In- ' spector of Apiaries, or an extract from same. If the person so notified shall refuse or fail to abate said nuisance in the manner and in the time prescribed in said notice, the Inspector of Apiaries may cause such nuisance to be abated, and he shall certify to the owner or person in charge of the premises the cost of the abatement and if not paid to him within sixty days thereafter the same may be recovered, together with the costs of action, before any court in the State having competent jurisdic- tion. In case notice and order served as aforesaid shall direct that any bees, hives, bee-fixtures or appurtenances shall be destroyed and the owner of such bees, hives, bee-fixtures or appur- tenances shall consider himself ag- grieved by said order, he shall have the privilege of appealing within three days of the receipt of the notice to the county court of the county in which such property is situated. The a,ppeal shall be made in likie manner as appeals are taken to the county court from judgments of justices of the peace. Written notice of said appeal served by mail upon the Inspector ot Apiaries shall operate to stay all pro- ceedings until the decision of the county court, which may, after investi- gating the matter, reverse, modify or affirm the order of the Inspector of Apiaries. Such decision shall then be- come the order of the Inspector of Apiaries, who shall serve the same as hereinbefore set forth and shall fix a time within which such decision must be carried 6ut. Sec. 3. The Inspector of Apiaries shall, on or before the second Monday in December of each calendar year, make a report to the Governor and also to the Illinois State Bee Keepers' As- sociation, stating the number of apiaries visited, the number of those diseased and treated, the number of colonies of bees destroyed and the ex- pense incurred in the performance of his duties. Sec. 4. Any owner of a diseased apiary or appliances taken therefrom, who shall sell, barter or give away any such apiary, appliance, queens or bees from such apiary, expose other bees to the danger of contracting such disease, or refuse to allow the Inspector of Apiaries to inspect such< apiary, or appliances, shall be fined not less than $50.00 nor more than $100.00. Approved June 7, 1911, ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION (Bill passed in the 48th General Assembly.) 13 Bee-Keepers^ Association* § 1. Appropriates $1,000 per annum — pro- viso. § 2. How drawn. § 3. Annual Repoort. An Act making an appropriation for the Illinois State Bee -Keepers' Association. Whereas, The members of the Illi- nois State Bee-Keepers' Association have for years given much time and labor without compensation in the en- deavor to promote the interests of the bee-keepers of the State; and, Whereas, The importance of the In- dustry to the farmers and fruit-grow- ers of the State warrants the expendi- ture of a reasonable sum for the holding of annual meetings, the publi- cation of reports and papers containing practical information concerning bee- keeping, therefore, to sustain the same and enable this organization to defray the expenses of annual meetings, pub- lishing reports, suppressing foul brood among bees in the State, and promote the industry in Illinois; Section 1. Be it enacted by the Peo- ple of the State of Illinois represented in the General Assembly: That there be and is hereby appropriated for the use of the Illinois State Bee-Keei>ers' Association the sum of one thousand dollars ($1,000; per annum for the years 1913 and 1914. For the purpose of advancing the growth and develop- ing the interests of the bee-keepers of Illinois, said sum to be expended un- der the direction of the Illinois State Bee-Keepers' Association for the pur- pose of paying the expenses of holding annual meetings, publishing the pro- ceedings of said metings, suppressing foul brood among bees in Illinois, etc. Provided, however. That no officer or officers of the Illinois State Bee- Keepers' Association shall be entitled to receive any money compensation whatever for any services rendered for the same, out of this fund. Sec. 2. That on the order of the President, countersigned by the Secre- tary of the Illinois State Bee-Keepers' Association, and approved by the Gov- ernor, the Auditor of Public Accounts shall draw his warrant on the Treas- urer of the StP'.e of Illinois in favor of the treasurer of Che Illinois State Bee-Keepers' Association for the sum herein appropriated. Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of the treasurer of the Illinois State Bee- Keepers' Association to pay out of said appropriation, on itemized and re- ceipted vouchers, such sums as may be authorized by vote of said organiza- tion on the order of the president, countersigned by the secretary, and make annual report to the Governor of all such expenditures, as provided by law. 14 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL, REPORT OF THE Code of Rules and Standards for Grading Apiarian Exhibits^ at Fair as Adopted by Illinois State Bee-Keepers' Association. COMB HONEY. Rule 1. Comb honey shall be marked on, a scale of 100, as follows: Quantity • 40 Quality 40 Style of display 20 Rule 2. Points of quality should be: Variety 5 Clearness of capping 10 Completeness of capping 5 Completeness of filling 5 Straightness of comb 5 - Uniformity 5 Style of section 5 Remarks: 1. By variety is meant different kinds, with regard to the sources from which the honey is gath- ered, which adds much interest to an exhibit. 2. By clearness of capping is meant freedom from travel stain and a wat^r soaked appearance. This point is marked a little high, because it is a most important one. There is no bet- ter test of the quality of comb honey than the appearance of the cappings. If honey is taken off at the proper time, and cared for as it should 'be. so as to preserve its original clear color, body ar.d flavor will take care of them- selves, for excellence in the last two points always accompanies excellence in the first. Clover and basswood honey shoud be white; heartsease, a dull white tinged with yellow; and Spanish needle, a brigiht yellow. 3. By uniformity is meant closeness of resemblance in the sections compos- ing the exhibit. 4. By style is meant neatness of the sections, freedomi from propolis, etc. 5. Honey so arranged a3 to show every section should score the highest in style of display, and everything that may add to the tastiness and atfract- ivness of an exhibit should be con- sidered. EXTRACTED HONEY. Rule 1. Extracted honey should be marked on a scale of 100, as follows: Quantity 40 Quality 45 Style of display 15 Rule 2. The points of quality should be: Variety 10 Clearness of color 5 Body 5 Flavor 5 Style of package 10 Variety of package 5 Finish i I. 5 Remarks: 1. Light clover honey pouring out of a vessel is a very light straw color; Spanish needle, a golden hue, and dark clover honey, a dull am- ber. 2. Style of package is rated a little high, not only because in that consists the principal beauty of an exhibit of extracted honey, but also because It involves the best package for market- ing. We want to show honey in the best shape for the retail trade, and that, in this case, means the most at- tractive style for exhibition. Glass packages should b° given the prefer- ence over tin; flint glass oyer grreen, and smaller vessels over larger, pro- vided the latter run over one or two pounds. 3. By variety of package is meant chiefly different sizes; but small pails for retailing, and, in addition, cans or kegs (not too large) for wholesaling, may be considered. In the former case, pails painted in assorted colors, and lettered "Pure Honey," should be given the preference. 4. By finish Is meant capping, label- ing, etc. 5. Less depends upon the mknner of arranging an exhibit of extracted than of comb honey, and for that reason, as well as to give a higher number of points to style of package, a smaller scale is allowed for style of display. ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 15 SAMPLES OF COMB AND EX- TRACTED HONEY. Rule 1. Single cases of comb honey, entered as such for separate pre- miums, should be judged by substan- tially the same rules as those given for a display of comb Ihoney, and sam- ples of extracted, by those governing displays of extracted honey. Rule 2. Samples of comb or ex- tracted honey, as above, may be con- sidered as part of the general display in their respective departments. GRANULATED HONEY. Rule 1. Candied or granulated Ihoney should be judged by the rules for ex- tracted honey, except as below. Rule 2. The points of quality should be: Variety 10 Fineness of grain 5 Color 5 Flavor 5 Style of package 10 Variety of package 5 Finish 5 Rule 3. An exhibit of granulated honey may be entered or considered as part of a display of extracted honey. NUCLEI OF BEES. Rule. Bees in observation hives should be maked on a scale est gradre white clover or basswood honey, and are In a dry place, elthet sheltered hy cellar or chafC-hive. ' > ,^ IIJ.IXOIS KTATK 1:EE-KEEPKKS' ASS()(M ATK )X E. J. BAXTER, President, And a Director of the Xational. '24 FOURTEENTH .ANNUAL REPORT OF THE JAMES A. STONE, Secretary. ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 25 PROCEEDINGS —OF THE— Twenty-Fourth Annual Session —OF THE- Illinois State Bee-Keepers' Association November 19 and 20, 1914, AX THE SXATE HOUSE. The 24th Annual Meeting of the Illi- nois State Bee-Keepers' Association was held in the State House at Spring- field, Illinois, November 19 and 20, 1914. The meeting was called to order by the President, Mr. E. J. Baxter, at 10:30 a. m., November 19th. Reverend Donald C. MacLeod offered the prayer as follows: Let us all bow before God. Almighty God, Thou doest Thy will among the hosts of heaven and Thou rulest also among the inhabitants of the earth. We rejoice that Thy sovereignty is wisdom, righteousness, goodness and love. Thou doest all things according to Thine own will and Thou doest all things well. We rejoice. Oh, God, in Thy sov- ereignty. We bow before Thy throne, and we would respond with our hearts and also with our lips to the great words of Thy Son, our Savior — Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven. We pray thee. Oh, God, to so control the deliberations of these men here as- sembled that everything shall be done to Thy name's honor and glory. We pray Thy blessing. Oh, God, upon the enterprise throughout the state in which these men are engaged. We beseech Thee, Oh, God, to prosper them in all that they shall undertake to do — that it shall be pleasing in Thy sig^t. We pray Thy blessing on all the righteous enterprises of this city and all our cities. We pray thee. Oh, God, to smile upon us as a nation with the smile of Thy approval, so that as a people we shall be workers together with God and be a nation whose God is the Lord, a people whom He has chosen for His own" inheritance. To this end we pray Thy blessing upon the President of the United States, the Cabinet and Congress, and upon all the great institutions of our country, our army, and navy. We pray Thy blessing. Oh, God, upon the Gov- ernor of this state and upon our legis- lature that is about to convene, and upon our citizenship. Grant, Oh, God, that our citizenship as well as our leaders shall be responsible citizens and leaders, doing the will of God — so shall Thy Kingdom come, and we shall enjoy prosperity and peace and right- eousness and the blessing of a loving heavenly Father. We commend ourselves to Thee, Oh, God, in this Convention, believing that if we commit our ways to God He will bring good to pass, making our right- eousness to shine as the noonday sun. Our Father, who art in heaven, hal- lowed be Thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done on earth, as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread; and forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil; for Thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, forever. President Baxter — The next number will be the welcome address by the 26 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Honorable W. A. Northcott, President, Commercial Association, Springfield. Address of Welcome. Mr. President and Members of the Bee-Keepers' Association of the State of Illinois: "It affords me great pleasure to come here at your invitation as a representa- tive of the Springfield Commercial As- sociation to welcome you to our city and to thank you for holding your meetings here, and to express the hope that you will come again each year if possible and we will try to make it pleasant. You have a comfortable meeting place here and if there is any- thing we can do to add to your comfort Wfc want to do it. "I do not know much about bees and you do jiot expect me to tell you much about the subject. I am a good deal like the young colored preacher who preached his first sermon, and said: 'I don't know anything about religion and neither do you, therefore I will ex- plain it to you.' "I tried to read . up something but didn't have much time and I knew you didn't expect me to instruct you in Bee Culture. "My daughter is interested in bees but she cannot come here because she has a little baby a year old, and many hives of bees do not tie you down closer than one baby will a mother. You ladies know a baby requires the attention of mother most of the time. She is the meal ticket for the baby; she must be on hand at the right time. "I remember Shakespeare says some- thing about bees in speaking of gov- ernment, that well ordered government is like the bee hive; it speaks of the queen bee and the drones. It is very beautiful if you have not read it. I don't remember the place where the bee is spoken of. Shakespeare is elo- quent in speaking of the bee. He says that the bees have the best government on earth; that theer is absolute obedi- ence; and that the intelligence of the bee is a wonderful thing. "I tried to get some bee jokes; I looked through my library and found a book and on the back of it it said — "STUNG". I thought that applied to bees sure but there was nothing about bees in that book. My reading was like the Irishman, when the Court went to sentence him. "How much education have x'ou had? Have you ever read your Bible? 'No, I have never read my Bible. "What have you read? , "I have a few red hairs on the back of my neck. "I did not read up on bees because I knew you would not expect me to talk on that subject. 'I wish I could stay and hear you talk about it; I am a little old to learn and do not ex- pect to go into the bee business, but I would be interested iri hearing about it— ','We are proud of Springfield; I know a little about that. I have only lived here ten years. They are a hos- pitable, pleasant people, many of them Southern people, who cani^ here from » Kentucky and Virginia. I^iticoln v^^as a Kentuckian. Most of the people around Springfield .are pld Kentucky people and very hospitable. "A story is told of one of the Mayors of Springfield. He went off to attend a meeting of Mayors and bragged about our city, so much so that it niade the people tired; thev put up a joke on him. One of the ^eakers told this story: Mr. Schnepp breamed that he was dead and went to the "^ther world. The attendant showed him about. He looked around and said — "Heaven is not very different from Springfield." The attendant said: "Mr. Schnepp, you ain't in Heaven." (He had gotten into the other place.) "I heard a good one about this war; there were a lot of fellows looking at the bulletin board; they all thought that they could fight it better than the Kaiser — to hear their opinions about the war around the bulletin board. One fellow said: "Well, the Germans can lick them Russians and the French and the Belgiang and Eng- lish — but I don't know about those Allies; I don't know anything about them. "I want to say to you that the value of getting together and organizing and talking about a common pursuit or subject is very great. This world is moving along by a comparison of ideas. If I lived in the woods by my- self I would not develop very much. You are dependent upon a comparison of ideas for development. This world has moved faster the last hundred years along scientific lines than it has moved in all ages that have gone be- fore. Fire, air, earth and water are ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 27 all made by science to administer to the comforts and luxuries of man. "We have harnessed the lightning, used the water for transportation and the air and fire are our servants to do our bidding; science has brought it about, and science has reached the farm as strongly as shop and city. The farmer today understands the value of stock — the value of market- ing — how to keep it pure. "But it is not the big crops, like corn and wheat and oats, that bring money to the home; it is the little things that the farmer's wife looks after around the house. The butter, the chickens, the eggs are bringing more money into this country than the gold and silver mines, and wool. "You take the honey product. I have not the figures as to the .annual amount that it brings — but it is a great help, and when the big crop fails it 19 the little things that bring the money on the farm, that the farmer's wife looks after, that saves the day and kedps from going into bankruptcy and the poor house. "We do not realize the value of the smaller things on the farm. "Much good can be had through these Associations — the getting to- gether and hearing of the experiences of each other. None of us know it all, but when we get together and swap experiences we learn what the books as well as individual experience teach. "We used to think a book man was not practical, but we are coming to learn from experience that books mean a good deal. You may have good judgment but you will always be able to learn something from the books, and then use good hickory-nut sense in carrying out what you read. No one man knows as much as all men know. As Lincoln says: "You can fool all the people part of the time and part of the people all of the time, but you can't fool all of the people all of the time." "College education is good but it will not take the place of experience. An ignorant expert is better than a learned fool, but I believe a learned expert is best of all. Theory and practice go together. As iron sharp- ens iron when coming together, so it is where you come' together to talk about bees — your individual experiences help each other.' "This is an age of thought; a thing has got to be thought out before it is wrought out. I used to think that the greatest thing was to be as strong as Samson; I pulled up a tree one day and said — "i am as strong as Samson" — and I got licked. "I thought I would like to be a good fighter; then I thought I would like to be good looking so that the girls would like me; I thought I would like to be eloquent so that people would hang on to my words — but experience teaches me that life is in knowing how to think right. You have seen some- times a great six-foot, healthy looking roan with plenty of courage and strength who could not make a living and was being supported by a hunch- back. "The farmer of today does a good deal more thinking that he used to. We used to get so tired on the farm that we could not think and had to sell the farm out because it didn't pay. Now it takes thought. Some of the richer farmers never follow the plow. This is the age of thought." Mr. Stone (Secretary) — Mr. Presi- dent, I want to make a motion before these gentlemen leave — that all the participants in the program be made honorary members, and get badges. Motion put by President, . seconded and carried. President Baxter — The next on our program is the President's address. Brother Moore, the first Vice-Presi- dent, will please take the Chair. (Mr. W. B. Moore, Vice-President, takes the Chair.) President's Address. Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: On behalf of the members of the Illinois State Bee-Keepers' Associa- tion, I wish to express our sincere appreciation of the warm and hearty welcome extended to us by the City of Springfield, through the President of the Commercial Association of the city, the Hon. W. A. Northcott, a co- laborer in the cause of progress. Springfield is numbered among the most progressive cities of this, the most progressive state in our most wonderful union. We have met here before. In fact we have met here each and every year since our Association first came into existence some twenty-four years ago, and we have always had the glad hand 28 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE of fellowship extended to us, as far as I can remember, by the citizens of Springfield. For my part, I love the City of Springfield. I love the hallowed ground wherein rests our martyred President, the unapproachable and incomparable Lincoln, and I love this wonderful Capitol Building in which our associa- tion has met these many years. It is the conception and handiwork of one of Nauvoo's illustrious citizens of long ago, Mr. Picnard, and it recalls memories of my boyhood days. Much of the stone that is in these walls was dug from the hills about our city where I used to roam in the long ago watch- ing the quarrymen at work taking out the stone and loading them on barges ready to ship. Oh, those were happy days in that far off time when Hope sprang eternal, and deceit and dissimu- lation were unknown. "Oh, I know that Life is pleasant and I know that Life is fair, But I want the glad returning of the days beyond compare. Of the days when hope was springing, of the days when hope was fast. And the Future seemed all golden as I judged it by the Past." "Oh, I know that Life is earnest and I know that Life is real, But I want the dreams and visions and the joys I used to feel. Oh, the days that know no shadows and the dreams that held but joy Must they have forever vanished when I ceased to be a boy?" "Oh, I know that Life is pleasant and I know that Life is fair, But I want the glad returning of the Faith that went — somewhere." And I want to trust my neighbor and I want to know myself And I want to lose the feeling that there's nothing real but pelf." My friends, the memories of child- hood are eternal, and we all cherish them with an unfailing devotion to the end of life. And it is well that we do, for in them we live our lives over again to a great extent, and feel that peace- ful satisfaction and contented joy that nothing else can give. Leaving the ethereal world for the practical one, it behooves us on this twenty-fourth anniversary of our or- ganization to take our bearings "to see where wfe are at". Surely bee culture has made rapid strides in these few years, but there is yet much to accom- plish for the bettering of the vocation. There was a time and that not very many years ago when bee-keeping as a vocation for profit, as a means of gaining a livelihood, was little thought of, and riidiculed by many. Today, thanks to the researches and untiring labors of such men as Father Lang- stroth, Quimby, Root, Gallup, Charles Dadant, Grimm and a host of later la- borers in the cause, bee-keeping has become a recognized vocation of prom- inence, producing, in the United States alone, millions of dollars annually in the product of honey and bees-wax, which, without the bees to gather it, and a knowledge of their profitable management, would be a total waste. Aside from this, who can name the many millions of dollars in fruits, vegetables, grains and seeds that the honey bees contribute in producing, through the poUenization and cross - fertilization of the plants and trees of our fields? There was a time when this fact was ridiculed as the visions of an enthusiast and a theory without the slightest foundation. But today no one who pretends to a liberal edu- cation, and is posted in the phenomena of Nature, will deny the fact for a moment. It is no longer spoken of as a theory but as a recognized fact, and many -experiments are being made to ascertain how best to employ the honey bees in this vast field of work so as to obtain the best results. A noted naturalist, who is making a study of this subject, recently said that there were about sixty species of insects in this country, more or less widely distributed, that help to poUe- nate and cross-fertilize the flowers of our fields and orchards, by these visits to them, but that the honey bee does vastly more in this respect than the fifty-nine species of other insects com- bined. Here, surely, is food foj- reflection and it gives us some idea of the great importance of the honey bee to the country at large, aside from its useful- ness in gathering the vast stores of sweets that would go to waste without it. It is only recently that pee diseases have spread so rapidly in this country as to threaten to wipe out the industry ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 29 of bee-keeping from one end of our land to the other. But thanks again to the f oresightedness, and the unselfish devotion and energy, of many of our prominent bee-keepers and the friends of progress in all parts of our land, we now have good, wholesome laws, in most of the states, that are doing a great deal to check these ravages. In fact, in states where the law is rigidly enforced by a competent Inspector, and where the necessary funds have been appropriated to do the work properly, as in our own state, the dreaded foul brood diseases are not only being checked from spreading farther, but are actually being stamped out from many localities. Let this good work go on. The Annual Report of our State Foul Brood Inspector, Mr. Kildow, to be given later in the day, will show you what has been acomplished during the past year. There is one subject that I want to bring to your attention, which should interest every bee-keeper in Illinois and which should receive his best thought and his undivided and un- selfish consideration. That is, co-oper- ation among bee-keepers — its aim and scope, and how best can it be accom- plished. Should the National Association be reorganized to take up this work, and, if so, to what extent should this co- operation be taken, up? Or should the matter of co-operation be limited to state organization ex- clusively? This is a deep subject of vast importance to the bee-keeping fraternity of every state, and it should be carefully studied and considered, and I would recommend that the mat- ter be thoroughly discussed at this meeting. Another subject of great importance to the members of affiliated associa- tions is the present status of the Na- tional Bee -Keepers' Association — is it fulfilling its purpose, and is It of any benefit to its members as it is now or- ganized and conducted? This should have your serious, im- partial consideration, and I would recommend that this be also fully dis- cussed at this meeting, and a resolu- tion setting forth your conclusions be adopted, as a guide to the actions of the delegates you may elect to attend the meeting of the National next February in Denver, Colorado, should you see fit to elect one. There is still another important mat- ter that I would like to have you con- sider and to take action upon. Article II. of our Constitution says: "The object of this Association shall be to promote the general interests of the pursuit of bee culture." Such be- ing the case, I would recommend that your Executive Committee be em- powered to make arrangements for holding from three to six field meet- ings, next summer, including the Tri- State field meet which has already been arranged for at Hamilton, Illinois, some time late in next July or early August, by the Iowa State Society, Illi- nois and Missouri co-operating there- with. These field meets, I believe, should be in charge of your President for 1915, for which service he will re- ceive no pay more than his expenses. These field meets should be held at such times and places as will accom- modate the most bee-keepers in that section of the state, and not more than two of these meetings should be held in any one of the three Supreme Court Judicial Divisions of the state. And still another very important matter that I wish to call to your atten- tion is the necessity of co-operation between the various Public, Industrial, Educational and Philanthropic Asso- ciations of the state in matters of general interest, and as a means to that end I would recommend that this Association name a committee to work in conjunction with committees of other Associations with that object in view. I believe that your Executive Com- mittee, or, better, possibly, your Legis- lative Committee, would be the logical committee to entrust this work to, as it will comprise mainly legislative mat- ters. Now in conclusion allow me to re- mind you of the frightful weather con- ditions that have obtained over most parts of our state the past season. The awful drought has probably been the very worst that has ever been experi- enced in this state, and the bee-keepers as well as the tillers of the soil have suffered in consequence. The outlook for the coming season is anything but bright, but I have seen a fairly good crop of honey gathered following a rather discouraging prospect in the 30 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF T^HE spring. So let us take courage and hope for the best. "Still achieving, still pursuing, Learn to labor and to wait. Heart within and God o'erhead." I thank you, my friends, for your kind indulgence. Mr. Moore — Our President's address, I think, makes some very good recom- mendations for our consideration. Sev- eral points raised we will bring up later. In regard to the work of the Na- tional — I think it would be well to let the discussion on that subject wait un- til we have heard from Dr. Gates, who will be here tomorrow. Pres. Baxter — We will have the read- ing of the Minutes of the last meeting, which should have been read before the address of the President. Minutes of the 1913 Meeting, Novem- ber 5th and 6th. (23d Annual Meeting.) 10 a. m. November 5th. Meeting called to order by the Presi- dent, E. J. Baxter. Prayer was offered by the Rev. E. S. Combs, of the Douglas Avenue Methodist Church. The Minutes of the previous meet-' ing were read and approved. The President in a short address spoke of the extremely bad beginning of the year for bee-keepers and of the very favorable ending of the season. The Secretary's Report was read, accepted and placed on file. The President named the following Committees: ' Committee on Resolutions: Messrs. Pyles, Coppin and King. Auditing Committee: Messrs Moore, Duby and H. C. Dadant. Premium List Committee: Messrs. Stone, Coppin and Becker. On motion of Mr. Moore, the Ex- ecutive Committee was made the Legislative Committee, with power to call any member of the Association to their aid. After quite a discussion it was de- cided by. the President that a member had the right to join only the State Association if he so chose, and as the Constitution, Article III, Section I, says the fee shall be $1.00, we cannot debar any one who offers his fee of that amount. Mr. Kildow was appointed to con- duct the Question Box. The Convention took a recess long enough to go to the north front of the State House to have a group picture taken. No night session was held, as many of the members desired to go to see the moving pictures of Dr. Scott's trip to the South Pole. ' Second Day. The matter of prizes offered for es- says was taken up, and, after consid- erable discussion, it was voted that the prizes offered should remain the same as before, viz.: $5.00, $4.00, $3.00, $2.00, $1.00, and the essays to be along a practical line. On motion the Convention proceeded to the Election of Officers, with the following result: For President for the year 1914, the Secretary was instructed to cast the ballot for Emil J. Baxter. The balloting for five Vice-Presidents resulted as follows: ; 1st. Aaron Coppin. j 2d. W. B. Moore. j 3d. H. S. Duby. ! 4th. I. E. Pyles. 5th. H. C. Dadant. For Secretary the President was in- structed to cast the ballot for James A. Stone. For treasurer the Secretary was in- structed to cast the ball6t for Charles Becker. A motion prevailed that the Secre- tary be allowed $50.00 for his. work in connection with the publishing of our Annual Report. The First Prize for Essay was awarded to James Poindexter. Voted: That the Executive Com- mittee fix the date for the next meet- ing. A motion prevailed that the Execu- tive Committee invite speakers to our next meeting from outside the state. Hon. N. E. France and Dr. Phillips v/ere named. At 2 p. m. November 6th, sine die adjournment was taken. James A. Stone, Secretary. Pres. Baxter — Ladies and gentlemen, you have heard the reading of the Minutes. Are there any corrections or objections? Pres. Baxter — We will consider the ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 31 Minutes adopted as read if there are no objections. Minutes adopted as read. Secretary's Report for 1914. During all the years (about 45) that your Secretary has kept bees, he cannot recall one in which the honey crop was so poor the whole season through as during the present year. In the beginning of the honey sea- son we had a small surplus of dande- lion honey, though no more than was needed for brood rearing. The season was so dry that the dandelions were cut short, and no white clover appeared, and all through the apple bloom and the linden bloom the bees did not gather enough honey from either to make it perceptible in their hives. We did not put on a single surplus case, as we saw the bees were gather- ing nothing but honey-dew honey, which they continued to gather all summer, until we had a light flow from heart's ease, which left our colo- nies mostly in good condition. In a Farmers' Bulletin from the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Septem- ber 16, 1914, we get a report from all the States. (The same was copied in the last number of the Review.) There were but nine states which re- ported a larger yield per colony than in 1913, viz.: Maine, West Virginia, North Carolina, Louisiana, Texas, New Mexico, Washington, Oregon and Cali- fornia. Of these New Mexico stood the highest — with 85 lbs. per colony, while California stood second with 75 lbs. per colony. On the other hand Missouri stood lowest — with but 5 lbs. per colony; Kentucky next — with 8 lbs. per colony, and Illinois stood third — with 12 lbs. This Last Year Year Our membership list this year numbered 234 205 Those corning through Chi- cago-Northwestern . . . ■ . 46 44 Those coming through Northern Illinois and Southern Wisconsin .... 16 14 This year a new list was added from the Eastern Illinois Bee -Keepers' As- sociation, St. Anne, Illi- nois — (Newly formed) . . 13 The members direct this year were 172 147 A gain of twenty -five. We are led to believe that the in- crease in our membership is largely the result of our having obtained our Foul Brood Law; also aided greatly by the blank applications for member- ship that we send out the first of the year. We had the usual number of reports printed of last year's proceedings, viz.; 300 cloth and 100 paper covers — mostly sent out. We also sent out the usual number of blank applications for members (1,000). When we were getting our last re- port ready for the printer we received letters from parties who had explained the workings of their several patent devices in the Chicago Convention, asking permission for the insertion of the cuts of their patents in our report. This is our answer to them: March 23, 1914. Mr.- Dear Sir: I agree with you in that I believe an illustration of your SECTION FIXER in our report would be desired by many of the members of our Association, and, speaking for myself, I would say, yes. We have had several applications for like insertions and we have answered them along the same line as follows: Our .State Association has usually made the Executive Committee the Legislative Committee also, with power to add to their number if they thought it necessary. ' On one occasion we had with us Mr. York of the American Bee Journal and, when we introduced him to the House Appropriation Committee as the Edi- tor of the American Bee Journal, the Chairman spoke out loudly, "If Mr. York is here to advertise his paper you don't get a dollar. We make; this appropriation to the Illinois State Bee- Keepers' Association, as the Bill reads, and not to advertise any man's busi- ness." The state approjpriation says for the publishing of our report, and, when we begin to let ads work in, the Executive Committee (knowing what I have stated above) cannot face the legislature and ask continuation of the 32 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL. REPORT OF THE appropriation, and I am sure you would not ask them to. I have written this to explain the authority that is over us. Sincerely yours, (Signed) JAMES A. STONE. The credit for the program we have this year falls upon this Association for the reason that the members named some of the parties whom we were to invite to take part on the program. Unconsciously we were fortunate in having the date of this meeting so set that we could avail ourselves of the speakers on the program of the state meetings in other states. We favor the continuation of the same arrangement. The time of our meetings in past years has been set for the same week as the Odd Fellows in order that our members belonging to that Lodge could attend both, and because of the fact that they occupied all the lower rooms of the State House we were compelled to take an upper committee room. We also placed our meeting late in the week in order that the hotels could be relieved of their crowded condition. We have not yet investigated to know whether it was a happened af- fair that we obtained this room or whether we may expect it again. We can no more than fail in trying (with the sweetening process). Sec. In Account with the State Fund. 1913. Oct. 30 — Miss Davis to type- writing Secretary's Report 25 Nov. 1 — Stationery 60 Nov. 6 — Kessberger, picture of group 2 . 00 Nov. 12 — 100 2c stamps and 100 Ic stamps 3,00 Dec. 29 — 1,000 Ic stamped envel- opes 11.00 1914. Jan. 2 — State Register to print- ing circular letters, letter heads, etc 21.85 Jan. 10 — 2 fees in stamps 1.00 Jan. 14 — 2 fees in stamps 1.00 Jan. 24 — 1 fee in stamps 50 Feb. 28 — Carbon sheets, and paper for manifolding 3.90 Mar. 5 — 50 postal cards 50 Apr. 4 — 250 large Manila envel- opes 2 . 75 May 15 — 100 6c stamps, and 1 quire foolscap 6 . 20 May 25 — 200 5c stamps, 200 2c stamps and 200 Ic stamps 16.00 Aug. 28—2 fees from L. C. Da- dant, in stamps 1.00 Sept. 30 — 500 2c stamped envel- opes 10 . 62 Oct. 16 — 50 badges @ 15c 7.50 Oct. 19 — 1 300-page roll book, and indexing and stationery ; 2.50 Oct. 31 — 400 postals and printing of program 4.75 Total i $96.92 Pres. Baxter — Ladies and gentlemen, you have heard the report of the Sec- retary, what will you dt) with it? Mr. Moore — I move the report, be ac- cepted and the Financial Report re- ferred to the Auditiing Committee. Motion seconded and carried. Mr. Moore — Shpuld there not be a Secretary's Report for fees received and moneys transferred to the Treas- ury? '? Mr. Stone — I didn't give that part of the report. I thought that was to be left out and the Treasurer give it; I can make that report from my book. Mr. Moore — Of course the book will be referred to the Auditing Committee; it is only a matter of form to give it now so that the Association as a whole may know about it. Mr. ^tone — (Reading from book.) Nov. 2, 1914 — Amount of fees from Northern lUinbis and Southern Wisconsin, 16 fees. $ 8.00 Nov. 2, 1914 — To amount from the Chicago -Northwestern, 1914, 46 fees , 23.00 From the State Association, 171 fees ...; 85.50 Total $116.50 Pres. Baxter — The next; will be the Report of the Treasurer. Mr. Becker — I want to state that — before beginning to read my report — last year we were in a kind of financial strait — but after April 16th I got the appropriation that should have been due (or was due) a year ago last July, the first of July; then in July I got the other appropriation for this year, so from them on we had plenty of money and we got the best showing for this year that we had ever before. ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 33 Pleasant Plains, HI., November, 1914. TREASURER'S REPORT. llinois State Bee-Keepers' Association. (Prom November 5, 1913, to November, 18, 1914.) C. Becker, Treasurer. STATE FUND. 1913 Nov. 5, Bal. on hand $ 177.28 April 16, Received from state 1,000.00 July 20, Received from Treas 1,000.00 $2,177.28 ASSOCIATION FUND. 1913 Nov. 5, Bal. on hand $ 180.94 Nov. 13. Received from J. A. Stone 116.50 $ 297.44 Credit. Nov. 13. J. A. Stone $ 100.00 Bal. on hand 197.44 $ 297.44 Debit. To Bal. on hand Assn. fund $ 197.44 To Bal. in State fund 1,215.97 Total on hand $1,413.41 Pd. on order. State fund $ 961.31 Pd. on order, Assn. fund 100.00 Total $2,474.72 Pres. Baxter — Ladies and gentlemen, you have heard the report of the Treas- urer, what will you do with it? Mr. Moore — I move that the report be accepted and referred to the Audit- ing Committee. Motion seconded and carried. Mr. Bowen — I understand that you have an Auditing Committee; it seems to me that technically this report should go to the Auditing Committee before being adopted. Pres. Baxter — It has not been adopted; simply accepted and referred to the Auditing Committee. Pres. Baxter — I will appoint on that Committee: Mr. Moore, A. C. Baxter and Mr. Coppin. Pres. Baxter — I will appoint Mr. King in charge of the Question Box. Motion made to adjourn until one o'clock — seconded and carried. 0- 6- 5- 5- 5- 5- 5- 1913. Nov. 5- Nov. O" Nov. 5- Nov. 5- Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. 5- Nov. 5- Nov. 5- Nov. 5- Nov. 5- Nov. 5- Nov. 5- Nov. 5- Nov. 5- Nov. 5- Nov. 5- Nov. 5- Nov. 5- Nov. 5- Nov. 5- Nov. 5- Nov. 5- -Rev. E. S. Combs 38 -C. Becker 39 -C. Becker 40 -J. Poindexter 41 -L. M. Stewart 42 -L. C. Dadant 43 -L. M, Stewart 44 -L. M. Stewart -L. M. Stewart 45 -State Register 46 -J. A. Stone 47 -"W. B. Moore 48 -W. B. Moore 49 -A. O. Heinze 50 -Arthur Lee 51 -W. B. Moore 52 -J. H. Roberts 53 -I. E. Pyles 54 -Arthur Lee 55 -A. O. Keinze .56 -C. F. Bender 57 -A. O. Heinze 68 -Arthur Lee 59 -W. B. Moore .60 -J. A. Roberts 61 -Arthur Lee 62 -J. A. Stone, Exp 63 -J. A. Stone 64 Total Paid . . , Bal. on hand Total Receipts in Assn. Fund. 5.00 .80 25.00 5.00 10.00 16.25 69.00 45.00 63.50 336.00 50.00 20.83 8.02 6.37 2.30 28.35 11.48 9.57 10.35 14.95 1.70 14.53 9.88 40.20 11.41 37.00 96.92 1.90 I 961.31 1,215.97 52.177.28 297.44 Total— Bal. on hand $2,474.72 FIRST DAY— AFTERNOON SESSION. The Convention was called to order by Pres. Baxter at 1:30 p. m. Pres. Baxter — Any standing Commit- tees to report? I expect not; the Legislative Committee did not have anything to do; there was no legisla- ture. Are there any other committees to report? Any unfinished business? If not, the next number on our pro- gram will be the address of Prof. F. S. Mosier, of the University of Illinois. Mr. Mosier^This is a little bit out of my line; you talk about bees and I do not know very much about bees, but I know something about honey, especially when we have it with good hot biscuits and butter — but there is a subject of interest not only to the farmer but the bee-keeper as well, I presume, and that is the subject that I am to speak on today. What I have prepared is in the form —3 34 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL, REPORT OF THE PROF. J. G. MOSIER. of a paper, and if at any time there are any questions you desire to ask, or discussions on the subject, anything that you would like to bring up, I should be glad to have you do so. SWEET CLOVER. (By J. G. Mosier.) Sweet clover has been growing for many yearsalong our roadsides, ditches and in waste places. Men have been slow to recognize its possible agricul- tural value. By most farmers it was looked upon as a very undesirable weed and that it must be kept out of our cultivated ifields at all hazards. The greatest surprise has been that it has not spread into our cultivated fields to any • extent, due probably to lack of inoculation and the ease with which it is killed by plowing. Sweet clover is a legume and is found generally distributed over Illinois with the exception of the southern unglaciated area and the lower Illinoian glaciation. There are two species found in the state, both of which are biennials and cultivated to some extent. The white flowered species (Melilotus alba) is most common and the most desirable on the f^rm because of the larger productiveness both organic matter and seed. The yellow floweied species (Melilotus officinalis) is found in various places of the state but is not so commonly distributed as the other and is not so desirable for the farm. Other species are known but re- quire no attention here. The two species mentioned differ in their habit of growth, the yellow being more dif- fuse or spreading. Soils. Sweet clover will grow on almost any kind of soil that is not acid and that is fairly well drained, proyided the proper bacteria are present, if^cidity is^fatal to sweet clover, especially if this is present in any considerkble quantity. It will not do its best on soils that are even slightly acid.> It grows vigorously in abandoned limestone quarries, gravel pits and on ston^ hillsides when there is an abundance of limestone present, and is to be found growing on prac- tically every type of soil in the northern ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 35 two-thirds of Illinois. These soils em- brace stony loams, gravelly loams, sands, sandy loams, silt loams, clay loams, clays, peaty loams and peats. It even grows on alkali soils where it is difficult or impossible to grow grain crops. A soil never becomes so poor that sweet clover will not grow, pro- vided limestone and the proper bacteria are present. It will grow luxuriantly on gullied and eroded hillsides that are so low in organic matter that nothing else will grow. Hence, it is a most important plant for the improvement of these waste lands. The thousands of acres of abandoned eroded land could be improved better by sweet clover than any other crop. Sweet clover is as sensitive to acid- ity in the soil as alfalfa, and the same soil treatment is required as for al- falfa. To put the soil in good condi- tion to grow either alfalfa or sweet clover, three to four tons of ground limestone per acre should be applied to most of the soils of southern Illi- nois. In the central and northern part of the state practically all of the tim- ber soil and the rolling part of the prairie land is acid or becoming so and one or two tons of limestone are neces- sary for complete success with sweet clover. ■ Many failures from shortage of limestone will be made that w"ill be attributed to other causes. Seeding Sweet Clover. .1. Seed. Seed may be purchased in two forms, hulled and unhulled, that is, still en- closed in the shriveled pod. The for- mer is much more satisfactory in al- most every way. In this condition the seed resembles alfalfa seed. The un- hulled seed contains besides the shriveled pods around the seeds more or less of other impurities, such as sticks, etc.. which render it difficult to sow evenly. As a general rule sweet clover does not give a high per cent of germina- tion because of the dense seed coat which the moisture can not penetrate readily. These are commonly spoken of as hard seeds. Nearly all seed con- tains considerable quantity of these that do not germinate the first year. They are more abundant in southern than northern grown seed. In 22 samples from different sources, south- ern grown seed contained 60 while the same number of samples of northern grown seed showed 43 per cent of hard seed. The germination was 14 and 37 per cent, respectively. At the Ohio Experiment Station the average per cent of germination of 37 samples tested by the botanical department was 29.14. Methods of scratching or scour- ing the seed coat to permit w-ater pene- tration are being devised which will largely overcome the difficulty of poor germination. This fact of poor germi- nation requires the use of a much larger amount of seed than would otherwise be necessary. It is advisable to sow from 12 to 15 pounds per acre of hulled seed and from 20 to 25 pounds of unhulled seed. Time of Seeding and Seed Bed. The time of seeding varies somewhat with the* nurse crop. Early spring is the best time. The seed should be sown in the same way as red clover with a light seeding of oats or, still better, barley. When seeded with wheat it may be sown in January, Feb- ruary or early March so that the freez- ing and thawing may bury the seed in the soil. This early seeding also gives longer time for the moisture to soften and penetrate the seed coat and gives germination. Seeding in the latter part of July may be practiced success- fully if the season is favorable. Late summer or fall seeding is not advis- able in this latitude as it is liable to heave out during the winter. The preparation of the seed bed seems to be of secondary importance. The crop does well on a well prepared seed bed and it does surprisingly well On a poorly prepared seed bed. Weeds are the great enemy of young sweet clover and it is much more important that the soil be free of weeds than that the crop have a good seed bed. A nurse crop helps to keep the weeds in subjection. On gullied hill land it is not necessary to attempt to prepare a seed bed. The seed may be sown in late winter or a number of young plants transplanted from the roadside. The seed produced will completely seed the area in a few years and transform this waste land into productive pasture land. It must be remembered that limestone is necessary on nearly all eroded land in the state. Inoculation. . Sweet clover being a legume requires the presence of certain bacteria in the soil to produce satisfactorj- results. 36 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE This organism has been pretty gen- erally distributed along the roadsides "with the mud carried on vehicles and on bottom lands by floods. The higher cultivated lands of the state do not generally contain this germ, so inocu- lation is necessary. Either one of two methods may be employed: 1. Soil transfer method: Soil is ob- tained from where well infected sweet clover or alfalfa has grown the past year and scattered over land to be seeded, at the rate of from 300 to 500 pounds per acre. This may be done with a shovel. The harrow should follow immediately to cover the soil and prevent the sunshine from de- stroying the bacteria and also to dis- tribute the inoculating material somewhat uniformly through " the soil. 2. Glue solution method: In this method the infected sweet clover or alfalfa soil with its bacteria is glued to the seed and inoculation produced in that way. About eight ounces of furniture or carpenter's glue should be dissolved in a gallon of hot water, which, when sufficiently cool, should be sprinkled on the sweet clover seed at the rate of about one quart to a bushel of seed. The seed should then be stirred so, as to moisten it uniformly. About three quarts of the dry, pulver- ized soil should be added and thor- oughly mixed with the seed. If the work has been well done each seed will have a coating of infected soil around it. The seed should be dried and is then ready for sowing. A safe precaution to be taken is not to allow the sun to shine on seed before it is covered. The fact that sweet clover is grow- ing luxuriantly along the roadside does not necessarily prove that the adjoin- ing fields contain the proper bacteria. It is always well to make sure and inoculation is one of the conditions that must be complied with in order to be reasonably sure of securing a stand. Uses — Pasture, Hay and Seed. Stock easily learn to like sweet •clover, especially when young and tender. Permanent blue grass pas- tures could profitably be seeded to sweet clover since this crop will fur- nish plant food for the blue grass and result in growing more of the latter than without the clover. Since it ig a biennial, in order to obtain the largest amount of green pasture, part of the field should be seeded during two suc- cessive years. After that no seeding will be necessary. For temporary pas- tures sweet clover should be seeded with some othel" crop such as red, alsike clover or timothy to furnish pasture after the sweet clover has seeded the second year. But little will be eaten after it blooms and becomes woody. The pasture season may be prolonged by clipping with a mower five or six inches high some time before blooming. This starts a new succu- lent growth that will afford pasture for much longer. The value of sweet clover is being demonstrated on many farms and some experiment stations. The Iowa station has carried on some experiments using sweet clover as pas- ture for hogs and the first season's growth has proved to be about as good as alfalfa. The following extract from a letter will show how cattle thrive on this much abused plant: "I had a very fine stand this season following a bar- ley crop. Sixty days after cutting the barley, there was a growth of from 15 to 24 inches. I put 29 steers in this field that were j.ust common feeders in only fairly good condition, purchased in Kansas City. They were fed noth- ing else but had plenty of water and salt and in 55 days the average gain was 154 pounds each." The Wyoming Experiment Station found that lambs fed on alfalfa made an Average gain of 34.4 pounds each in 14 weeks, while on sweet clover an- other bunch of lajmbs made a gain of 30.7 pounds for thje same time. As a hay crop ^weet clover is prov- ing to be very vailuable. Stock eat it when cured as well as when green. During favorable seasons a hay crop of a ton or more may be cut the first year. One man writes me that his first year's growth made 2% tons of hay. A crop of hay may be cut during the second year and the second crop allowed to seed or the first crop may be allowed to seed. In cutting the hay crop dur- ing the first season's growth, there is no danger of injuring by cutting too low, but, for cuttings made during the second year, the mower should be run at least 4 inches high. New buds or sprouts do not start from the root crown as in the case of alfalfa after being cut once. The new growths start from the stubble and this must ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION be left sufficiently high to give room for the new buds. The root crown normally furnishes but one series of shoots and if cut too low the second crop will be a partial or total failure. There will be no objection to cutting a second crop of hay if sufficient growth takes place. This will damage the seed crop, however. Cut the first crop before it blooms and the second crop before it becomes too woody. Mr. Graham, of Rochelle, filled a silo with the first year's growth of sweet clover and fed it to steers together with corn. During the first 30 days an average gain was made of 91 pounds per steer. The yield of sweet clover seed is usually higher than that of any other clover, being from 3 to 18 bushels per acre, and may be obtained from the first, second or possibly a small yield from the third crop if the season is favorable. To obtain the best seed crop it is necessary to cut a crop of hay or clip it when 18 to 20 inches , high. In handling the seed crop it can best be done by harvesting with a binder and shocking as in the case of oats. The time of cutting the seed is very important since if cut when too ripe much will be lost by shattering. A general rule is to cut it when three - fourths of the seed are black and the rest a yellow brown. The seed ripens very irregularly and some branches will be in bloom when others are ready to harvest. It should be hulled as soon as dry. The ordinary clover huller does not handle sweet clover very satisfactorily. If possible, use a thresher with a clover hulling attach- ment. Probably the best way, until the hullers are adapted to handling this crop, it to run the crop through an ordinary thresher, thus obtaining the unhulled seed. If it is desirable to have the seed hulled this unhulled ma- terial may be run through an ordinary huller. This will give the seed in good shape. Sweet Clover as a Soil Renovating Crop. As a crop for soil improvement sweet clover promises to become of great value especially in our systems of grain and mixed farming and possibly in the live stock system. It has this advantage over alfalfa that it works well into systems of rotation and would be turned under with a clear conscience. With the exception of alfalfa it is the deepest rooting crop grown, the tap roots penetrating to a depth of 3 to 5 feet. This makes it especially valuable as a subsoiler. The root development takes place largely during the first season. The growth of top during the first year is not usually very large, probably not much larger than the total root development during the same time. The growth of top during the second year is one feature that makes it such an excellent crop for soil improvement. One of the most important problems in soil manag'ement is maintaining the supplj'' of nitrogenous organic matter to provide nitrogen for the crop anot an apiary adjacent to' or near your orchard be more advantageous? This being the case, we are brought back to our original question of: How many colonies are needed? I used to say that one colony to every fifty mature apple trees would be suffi- cient. Presumably I said this once too often, for I met with objection in Ontario, where apple growing has reached a high grade of perfection. There the fruit ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 61 growers told me that they recommended a colony of bees for every twenty-five apple trees. For reneral farm service the ratio of bees to the acre of cultivated crops might be different. It is thought that one or two colonies will sufficiently work four acres of melons. In conclusion, I can but reiterate my contention of importance of bees in all horticultural pursuits. It has not been my purpose to give Vou ir.any details. To do this I might have to write a book and by the time of its completion I would doubtless find that the new investigations had revealed new results. This is the age of discovery . and change. On the other hand, I hope that my fundamental biological conclusions w^ill hold. First of all it would seem that cross pollination is the usual policy in nature, resulting, as I have said, among other things in greater strength, vigor and beauty. Sec- ond, that all life is subject to a frequency fluctuation. Therefore, it is not desir- able to depend upon bees over which you have no control; it is better to maintain apiaries, especially for their horticultural or their market gardening services. Third, the two biological principles are further substantiated and applied by the practical grower, who is becoming more and more dependent upon bees in his fields, to meet important competition. With these general remarks it is my purpose to turn to the lantern slides and show you some of the results of the utili- zation of bees in horticultural work. Therewith I would show you other pic- tures of apicultural work in Massachu- setts, something of the natural history of the honey bee, and, as a general interest feature, a few of the prominent large apiaries of the country. ■Following' Dr. Gates' talk Dr. E. F. Phillips, in charge of the Bee Culture Investigations at Washington, D. C, explained briefly the methods used by the Bureau of Crop Estimates of the United States Department of Agricul- ture in obtaining the reports of honey. "Inquiries are sent out not only to the regular corps of correspondents but also to a picked list of bee-keepers numbering over 4,000. On the receipt of these reports they are carefully examined and the various comments read, after which the estimate for the state is made. "Various bee-keepers have since ex- pressed the opinion that the estimates for 1914 were very close to the facts nnd after the correspondents become more familiar with such w^ork it is to be expected that still greater accuracy may be expected." THURSDAY MORNING, NOVEMBER 20, 1914. Meeting called to order by the Presi- dent, Mr. Baxter, at 9:30 o'clock. Mr. Moore — Mr. Chairman, we, the Auditing Committee, are ready to make a report. Mr. Baxter — We will listen to the re- port of the Auditing Committee. Mr. Moore— (Chairman) "November 19, 1914. "We, the undersigned, Auditors of the Illinois State Bee-Keepers' Association, have this day examined the Secretary's and Treasurer's books and reports and find them to be correct. W. B. MOORE, A. C. BAXTER, AARON COPPIN." Pres. Baxter — You have heard the re- port of the Auditing Committee — What will you do with it? Mr. Kildow — I move that the report be accepted. Motion seconded and carried. Pres. Baxter — We must have a com- mittee on resolutions; I appoint Mr. Kildow, Mr. Dadant and Mr. Bowen. Pres. Baxter — Mr. Kildow, we are ready for the Foul Brood Inspector's Report. Mr. Kildow — Before making my Financial Report I would like to read a little piece from Gleanings, which came just the other day, Wednesday I think — a piece which, if every bee- keeper would read, and remember, would be one of the best things I think that we could have in the way of look- ing after our bees. It pertains to what we are trying to do in the way of cleaning up Foul Brood. I think it would be well to read it now, and w^e may think it over. (Reading) (This is Dr. Miller's Short Cut in treating Foul Brood.) Some one wrote to Dr. Miller: "What I w'ant to know- is how to cure foul brood economically and quickly. Are there any Short Cuts?" The Doctor responded that the short- est answ'cr to this letter w'ould be to say -that "I have written pages in Gleanings about my experience with Foul Brood, answering fully the ques- tions asked, and it will take a good deal less time for him to look up what I have written than for me to write it 62 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE all over again; or I might reply that my experience as given in "My Fifty Years Among the Bees" would give him the information asked. I would rather make him a present of that book than to undertake to reply to this letter." This man has evidently skipped, in reading, everything printed about Foul Brood — until the disease struck him; bee-keepers should advise themselves in advance and be prepared if ^ the dis- ease appears. REPORT FOR 1914 OF STATE INSPECTOR OF APIARIES A. L. KILDOW. M 03 • ^ Z ■ CS (0 O.S dW TO >) Q d M Q) CO C a != i , Remarks. •^ a c • -a P - • I 346! 11881 2841 7901 18461 11211 21161 17471 22461 601 10191 151 311 12 22 39 22 180 43 217 38 1641 21 421 II II I 71 141 19i 71 51: 141 71' 111 431 II 71 i\. 101 131 41 291 101 341 71 201 II. 71 ...I. 4 6 3 37 4 41 4 26 1 7 17 23 II 211 2 2 1 14 18 10 $ 15.3.51$ 1.001$ IS. OOlBy Inspector. 27.52 37.47 1.001 14.601 1.561 I 12.681 1.001 .1. 121 Totals I 128091 7831 II 246! 1431 127! 88| 13i 48| 40 4.00 By Inspector. 56.00 By Inspector. 72. OOlBy Inspector. 40.00|By Deputy. 32.0ffmy Inspector. 57141 1 I 230. OOlBy Deputies. 21 I 60.941 2.601 84. OOlBy Inspector. 61 I I I 244. OOlBy Deputies. 15 I 53.251 1.001 60. OOlBy Inspector. 701^1 I 1 282. 00]By Deputies. 14 I ■ - 17%| 10 I 1 I 35.601. 323 56. OOlBy Inspector. I 1 70. OOIBJ^ Deputy. 19.491 l.OOj 40. OOlBv Inspector. I I 4. OOlBy Deputy. 1 i -iGrand Total, $262.30|$23.761$1292.00| $1578.06 *St. Anne Convention. **Chic'ago Convention. Mr. Kildow — I will give you my re- port. This runs back to December 1st. In April we visited 346 colonies; found 12 diseased; 7 of them with American Foul Brood; treated 4 colonies. In May we inspected 1,188 colonies; visited 22 apiaries; found 14 diseased with American Foul Brood; four with. European Foul Brood. The same month the deputies visited 284 colonies; 39 apiaries — found 19 dis- eased; 13 with American Foul Brood, six with European Foul Brood, and treated one colony. In June I visited 790 colonies — 22 apiaries; found seven diseased; four with American Foul Brood, three with European, and destroyed six colonies. The same month the deputies visited 1,846 colonies in 180 apiaries; found 51 apiaries diseased; 29 with American Foul Brood, 37 with European, and treated 17 colonies. In July the Inspector visited 1,121 colonies in 43 apiaries; 14 being dis- eased; found 10 having American Foul Brood and four European Foul Brood. The deputies the same month inspected 2,116 colonies, 217 apiaries; found 71 apiaries diseased, 34 with American and 41 with European Foul Brood. There were 23 colonies treated that month. The deputies in some of these apiaries treated the colonies more than once to show the bee-keeper how to treat them. In August I inspected 1,747 colonies in 38 apiaries; found 11 apiaries dis- eased and seven having American Foul Brood and 4 European. The deputies the same month inspected 2,246; colonies in 164 apiaries; found 43 diseased, 20 with American and 26 with European ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 63 A. L. KILDOW, State Foul Brood Inspector. Foul Brood; three colonies were treated and three destroyed. In September I Inspected 60 colonies in two apiaries; found one diseased with American Foul Brood. The deputies inspected 1,019 colonies that same month, in 42 apiaries; found 7 apiaries diseased; American Foul Brood; there were three colonies treated that month by deputies. In October I visited 15 colonies in one apiary; the deputies visited that game month 31 colonies in one apiary; found one apiary diseased, one with American Foul Brood and one with European; colonies treated — 12. Making the total number of colonies treated — 12,809 in 783 apiaries; found 246 apiaries having disease; 143 apiaries with American and 127 with European; 88 colonies were treated and 13 colonies destroyed. We spent 323. days in inspection work; expenses were $262.30; incidental ex- penses $23.76 (stationery, postage, et cetera), making a grand total of $1,578.06 (as per the report given be- low), leaving a balance for next spring's work, that is up to July 1st, of $529.83. It will keep me watching, pretty close if that money does not run out before July 1st, so this year for the first time we will have expended all of our money. Last year, you remember, from July 1st to the close of the year we were short on funds. This time we will use all our money and possibly a little bit more if we had it. In the year 1914 much educational work was done. For the northern part of the state, a field-meet, or Institute, was held at Rockford, and the bee-keepers of the eastern part held their meeting at St. Anne. Much practical knowledge was obtained and the bee diseases were studied from the infected combs, and methods of treatment were explained. During the inspection work of this year the following forty counties were found to contain diseased apiaries: - Bureau, .Crawford, Clark, Christian, Cumberland, Cook, Douglas, Lake, Ma- son, Macoupin, Marshall, McDonough, DeWitt, Dupage, Edgar, Ford, Fulton, Grundy, Henry, Madison, Ogle, Putnam, Peoria, Rock Island, Hancock, Hender- son, Iroquois, Kankakee, Kendall, Kane, Logan, Shelby, Schuyler, Sangamon, Vermilion, Will, La Salle, Stephenson, Winnebago, Whiteside. In order to show a proper method of treatment for diseased colonies, eighty- eight colonies were treated by Inspec- tor and Deputies. It would hardly seem reasonable for the State Inspector and Deputies to undertake to treat all diseased bees in Illinois, but they should thoroughly instruct the bee-keepers, so that they will understand the disease and how to handle it. Much work has been accomplished by means of correspondence. The report given above gives a sum- mary of the work of 1914. ■ Pres. Baxter — Ladies and Gentlemen: you have heard the report of your Foul Brood Inspector, vs^hat will you do with it? Mr. Bowen— I rise for the purpose of making a motion to adopt the re- port — but before doing so I would like to ask of the Inspector in what part of the state he found the most disease. Mr. Kildow — My deputies found quite a little this year in the west side of the state, — something we have not found before, — and the east side, south- east of here, along in, — I cannot think of the counties now; it seems to take a circle, beginning at Hudsonville above Iroquois County, down to Hancock; there seems to be found most of the 04 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE His wife at left, sitting; her mother and Mr. Kildow, and in background his honey house and workshop. disease; it seems to be in a circle. I was not in the south very much this year; I have not had any reports from there, but I have had reports from other parts of the state. Mr. Bowen — In making this report I think it is well to report the locality in which the Inspector finds the dis- ease; have it appear in the re^rt so that men would know generally what the district was that contained foul brood. What was the total number of colo- nies examined? Mr. Kildow— 12,809. Mr. Bowen — A total expense of $1,500 and something. Mr. Kildow^ — $1,578. Mr. Bowen — That would be in the neighborhood of $.13 a colony — the cost for inspection. And the number de- stroyed w-as — Mr. Kildow— Thirteen (13). Mr. Bowen — 13 destroyed; the num- ber treated was— Mr. Kildow — 57. Mr. Bowen — 57 apiaries? I mean to say those that were treated by your- self and deputies — Mr. Kildow — Yes. Mr. Bowen — What did you do with those that w-ere not treated? Mr. Kildow — Left them for the men to treat. Mr. Bowen — Is that a safe thing to do? Mr. Kildow — You would get nowhere if you stopped to treat all of them. It is very essential that the owner of the place learn that himself; we could not get deputies enough in the state of Illinois, or money enough, to treat all those colonies; we teach him and in- struct him and he must get his fingers in there and learn how to do his own work. Mr. Bowen — That is true, but it seems to me that it would be the Foul Brood Inspector's place to see that he does it. Mr. Kildow — We instruct him and, if he does not feel confident, then we treat one and possibly more; if vve are satisfied he will not do that, we go back. Mr. Bowen — Do you re-examine it? Mr. Kildow — Yes. Mr. Bowen — Do you find that the owner treats them about right? Mr. Kildow — As a rule. They make mistakes like most of us, but as a rule we find them willing to learn and to take care of them. It is an ex- ception that we find a man that is not. We would get nowhere if we treated every one's apiary; and the bee-keeper must do the work eventually. Mr. Bowen — I move the adoption of the report. Motion seconded and carried. Pres. Baxter — I would say in regard to this — that the inspection conducted ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 65 Mr. Kildcw submitted this map; the little dots show the towns anfl cities where diseased bees were found in 1914. 66 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE by the Foul Brood Inspector ought to be very thorough and there ought to be a very careful record kept of it. Now I think that the suggestion made is a good one; that a record of the localities that have been visited be put in the report, and also the results of the in- spection, and I believe we will And that this report is rather complete. When the legislators see this report, they should have some idea of the good that is being accomplished and will be more ready to grant us the appropria- tion we are asking for. My idea has been to push the fertili- zation of flowers, and the good that the bees are doing not only to individual beie-keepers but to tillers of the soil throughout the state — and also what the inspection is doing to save these colonies — to have them on hand to ac- complish these objects, so that we can show this to the legislature and the Governor, and we will get what we ask for. If we can show them we are doing some good — something that must be kept up — we will have no trouble in getting what we ask. Mrs. Kildow — As Secretary for the State Inspector I wish to state, for the benefit of those who do not know, that a record is kept of every apiary that is visited, either by the Inspector or Dep- uty, the name of the party owning, the number of colonies he has, the kind of disease he has, by whom treated, when treated, and then later the result of that treatment, and in a number of cases cards have been left to notify the Inspector or his office when the In- spector is away working. Those are also on file in the office under the owner's signature. Mr. Moore — I found on Inspection work in the western part of the state, under our present crop conditions this season, extremely dry; no honey com-, ing in — it was practically -impossible to treat diseased colonies with any de- gree of success. The conditions were such that if you opened a hive robbing was started Immediately. I advised those parties to watch the bees care- fully and if any dwindled out in the early spring or winter — to destroy those combs immediately and close the hives up; and I said that I or some other Inspector would be there next spring as soon as possible to work with the bees. That if they wanted to go ahead in the spring and clean up be- fore any one got there, all right; but knowing conditions this fall I didn't think it advisable for them to do the treating. I found in localities where we find American Foul Brood there is o^ten very little European Foul Brood; only one or two cases; in my territory it is practically all American Foul Brood. I found in isolated cases — isolated lo- calities rather — where practically all the bees in that locality would be dis- eased but a few miles from there there would be no disease. I thought the plan would be in these localities to destroy all combs in the very weakest colonies in the spring and allow no robbing, and we could then get in and clean up. Pres. Baxter — Mr. Moore's position is a correct one. I don't believe there ever was a time in Illinois when weather conditions were so favorable for Foul Brood, and no time when con- ditions were so adversfe for the treat- ment of Foul Broody Colonies. It is very important to find out where the disease is; to caution the owners to be careful and destroy the colonies when they get so weak there is no hope of saving them so as to prevent robbing' and spreading the disease, and that is why last fall, if you remember, I cau- tioned our Foul Brood Inspector to put in all the time he could this summer with the deputies. We don't want to let it spread at all if we can help it, and there never was a time so propitious as now to spread the disease. Mr. Kildow — That is why I say we will use up all the money, we have got; we have to go around this spring as soon as the conditions are fit and clean up. This is one of the worst years we have had for Foul Brood to develop, and if we can stop it we will be in pretty good shape. Pres. Baxter — Mr. Kildow and my- self have some business to' attend to this morning. Mr. Kildow was Chair- man of the Committee on Resolutions; Mr. Bowen will please accept the Chairmanship of this Committee on Resolutions. Mr. Kildow has to be out of the room a good part of the time today. I think it will be better, Mr. Bowen, that you take the Chairman- ship of this Committee. You will know what is going on and what needs to be reported. Now, if Mr. Moore will please take the Chair, I will go with Mr. Kildow. ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 67 Mr. Stone — Mr. President, it will be well to tell the Convention what you and Mr. Kildow are going after. Pres. Baxter — We want some money. We want to know what this Bureau of Information means — how it is going to affect us. We are g-oing to the State Auditor. Mr. Moore takes the Chair. Mr. Moore — Is there anything further in regard to Foul Brood Inspection work or in regard to Foul Brood in any form — anj- information you wish? If there is nothing more, we will pro- ceed to the next subject. W^e have Dr. Phillips with us, his topic is Tem- perature and Humidity in the Winter- ing of Bees. Dr. E. F. Phillips, in charge Bee Culture Investigations, Washington, D. C. "TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY IN THE WINTERING OF BEES." Dr. Phillips — I am very glad of the opportunity to come out ar^d meet the Illinois Bee-Keepers again. I enjoyed my former visit with you at the Con- vention several years ago very much and was greatly pleased that it was possible to arrange for a series of meet- ings through this section of the country So that I could get here as well as at- tend the meetings in Indiana, Iowa and Wisconsin. This has been a rather strenuous week but Dr. Gates and I have had a good time so far and we expect to meet still more bee-keepers, and have still more good times before this cir- cuit is completed. The subject announced for me this morning is the Temperature and Hu- midity of the Hive in the Wintering of Bees. It is not necessary to argue before a company of bee-keepers, especially in the north, that the successful win- tering of bees is not only one of the most important problems before the bee-keeper but also at times one of the most difBcult of solution. You all 68 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE know that the winter losses are con- siderable but it is nevertheless a fact that bee-keepers often fail to realize in full the magnitude of the winter loss, in an average or even in a mild winter. The season of 1911-12 was the most recent case that we have ex- perienced of a winter accompanied by severe losses. The summer of 1911 was a poor season for most localities in the north and most colonies were weaker than usual all summer. They went in- to winter weak, short of stores and with too many old bees. The winter was exceptionally severe and many colonies were not in condition to ex- pend the energy necessary to maintain life and as a result the loss by the death of colonies was over 50 per cent in many apiaries.* If the bees had been in condition to obtain the bountiful crop of 1912, that year would have been a banner year in bee-keeping but there were not enough bees. Similarly in 1909 there was a dearth of nectar but an abundance of honey- dew in many localities, causing enor- mous losses in the following winter. The W'inter of 1903-4 was another of heavy losses while that of 1884-85 was one of the worst ever experienced by American bee-keepers. It is of course evident that good bee- keepers lose less colonies than those who are uninformed, but even the good bee-keeper loses sometimes. An esti- mate of 10 per cent for the average annual loss is probably conservative and it speaks well for bee-keeping as an occupation that American bee-keep- ers can sustain such a loss year after year without destroying the industry. Looking, then, at the other side of the picture it is clear that if this losg can be prevented bee-keeping ought to ad- vance rapidly to its rightful place in American agriculture. From the experience and observa-' tions of bee-keeping we now know con- siderable about wintering, and our in- formation is increasing constantly. There are two facts concerning this information to which attention should be directed. First, many of the very best observations have appeared in the bee journals but are now practically forgotten because bee-keeperg are often not careful enough to keep complete flies of their journals and to consult them frequently. A bee journal is not altogether a newspaper but should be considered as a permanent record of the good things observed. The other consideration is that the results have been obtained at enormous cost since they are records in the main only of gross results. A bee-keeper tries a certain method of wintering and neces- sarily gauges his success by what is left the following spring. With the facilities of the apiary detailed observa- tions as to the daily activities and re- quirements of the bees are impossible and consequently our knowledge of wintering ig based largely on commer-^ cial experience but is lacking in facts concerning the detailed needs of the bees. In the present discussion of this sub- ject it is proposed to depart somewhat from the usual methods in discussing the wintering problem and to record some of the things that bees do in win- ter as well as to explain some of the physical phenomena observed. In do- ing so I shall draw on the results pub- lished by Mr. Demuth and myself con- cerning our work of the past two years. While I am having the pleasure of at- tending this meeting Mr. Demuth is back at the laboratory making more observations, although rightfully we should read this paper as a-^uet. The Source of Heat in the Colony. It is a well known fact tnat bees gen- erate heat during cold weather, so that the temperature of the cluster never drops very low. The lowest tempera- ture that we have foumi is 57° F. In order to see what the bees do during this peribd of heat production, we de- Vised a special outfit so that ^e could see the inside of the cluster. A colony in winter forms a compact, approxi- mately spherical cluster and on the out- side of the cluster there is nothing that one can see that suggests the heavy heat production that must take place. However, a narrow hive was provided with double glass sides and top with an air space between the sheets oe glass to act as an insulation. The stores were then so arranged that the only space available for the cluster was next to the glass on one side. In ythe out- side space were placed a niimber of the electrical thermometers which we used and which are briefly described in Bulletin No. 93 of the Department of Agriculture, to which those interested are referred. In the space provided there was not room for a spherical clus- ter, so the bees formed a hemisphere. ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 69 the equator of which was against the glass. This shown as a circle of bees on the glass exposing to view the cen- ter of the cluster. It was then clearly demonstrated that the cluster is not uniformly compact. The cluster consists, between the combs and sometimes above and below them, of an outer shell of bees packed close together with their heads toward the center. The thickness of this ring varies with the weather, being thicker when the outer temperature is warm and when less heat production is needed and becoming thinner with the increase in heat production. This is because when more heat is produced more bees are needed for this work, leaving less for the outer rim. In order to expose this colony to rapid changes in temperature, the hive was placed on the roof of the building and, while one person watched the bees, another read the temperatures in the room below, where the instruments were located. A telephone was in- stalled so that the two persons could be in constant communication, head pieces being used so that the hands of both observers were free. The observations made on the roof were then given over the telephone and all records were made below. This colony was of course in the light, but the normal cluster was nevertheless observed. The colony was disturbed as little as possible during the observations, to eliminate abnormal conditions. The nearly spherical cluster of bees consists, between the combs and some- times above or below them, of an outer shell of bees close together with their heads toward the center. This ring may be several layers tliick. The posi- tion, with the heads inward, is typical, except when condensed moisture drops on the cluster as it often does in cool weather, when the bees at the top turn so that their heads are upward. The bees in this outer shell are quiet except for an occasional shifting of position. Inside this rather definite shell the bees between the combs are not so close together nor are they headed in any one way. Considerable movement, such as walking, moving the abdomen from side to side, and rapid fanning of the wings, takes place inside the sphere and when a bee becomes unusually ac- tive the adjoining bees move away, leaving an open space in which it can m.ove freely. Two bees may often be seen tugging at each other. In addi- tion to the bees between the combs, placed as above described, others are in empty cells of the comb on which the cluster is always formed, always with their heads in. A verification of these statements is contained in the following observations, and the ex- periment may easily be repeated by anyone. For the purpose of obtaining a colony without combs for another ex- periment, a hive was opened December 15, 1913, while the outside temperature was low enough to cause the formation of a compact cluster. When the combs were separated the circle of bees in the shell was clearly observed. When a comb from the center of the cluster was shaken the active bees in the center of the circle dropped off readily, and those in the outer shell which were somewhat sluggish were removed with more difficulty. After this was done those occupying empty cells in the. center of the sphere backed out of the cells and were shaken off. Finally those occupy- ing cells in the border of the sphere backed out, showing a well marked circle on the combs. Evidently the bees in the shell, whether in the cells or be- tween the combs, are less active than those in the interior of the cluster. Naturally such a manipulation as this is not to be recommended, except for purposes of demonstration. It is clear from observations pre- viously recorded that the highest tem- peratures are those of points in the center of this shell, and this is to be expected, as the heat is generated here. The outer shell constitutes an ideal in- sulator for the conservation of the heat, since the bees' arranged so close to- gether form small dead air spaces in their interlacing hairs, especially those of the thorax, and afford still more in- sulation with their bodies. The abdo- mens of the bees in the outer row are practically separate one from another, and must often be exposed to seveTe cold. That this method of conserving heat is effective is shown by observa- tions on undisturbed colonies out of doors. For example, on January 14, 1914, there was at 9 a. m. a difference of 68° F. between thermometers 14 (center of the sphere) and 16 (outside the cluster) of Colony D, which were less than 4 1-2 inches apart on the same level in the same space between combs, and a difference of 75° F. between this couple and the bottom board 4 1-4 ;o FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE inches below it. What this difference might sometimes be in colder climates may be imagined. Examples of this kind might be multiplied indefinitely from the records of these experiments. The source of the heat of the cluster must, of course, be the oxidation of the food consumed by the bees. The bee is classed as a cold-blooded animal in that the temperature of the individual bees is practically that of the sur- rounding medium. There is obviously, from the records just given, no internal regulation of the temperature of the body such as is found in birds and mammals, for the temperature of a broodless cluster varies greatly. From the observations made on the various colonies, especially Colony C, it is clear that heat for the warming of the clus- ter is produced by muscular activity. While, of course, some heat is doubt- less liberated by other life processes, this is practically negligible when bees are quiet, as in Colony A when above 57° F. That higher temperatures may be produced, greatly increased muscu- lar activity is required, and in Colony C in cold weather bees in the center of the shell of insulating bees were seen fanning vigorously and executing other movements, such as shaking and rapid respiration. We thus have the para- doxical condition that bees fan to heat the cluster in winter as well as to cool the hive in summer. Observations of this kind were repeated beyond num- ber, and this theory of the method of heat production is entirely supported by the repeated observation of a hum- ming noise from the cluster during cold weather. A few details of the observation on Colony C may be of interest. For ex- ample, one bee was observed fanning vigorously for 7 1-2 minutes (9.53 to 10.00 1-2 a. m., Jan. 23d) while the other bees kept a space cleared for it. The temperature of the nearest thermome- ter rose 1-2°F. during this time. At 9.52 this thermometer was almost a degree cooler than at the time of great- est heat during the fanning. The ra- pidity of fanning of the wings varied, and toward the end of the time it be- came so slow that the outline of the wings was distinguishable. After the excessive activity this bee stood in the same place for a time. Rapid respira- tion may play a more important part in heat production than at first ap- pears. One bee was observed to breathe 21 times in 14 seconds and then cease the rapid respiration. On other occa- sions 50 or more bees would begin shaking their bodies from side to side. The Effect of Changes in External Temperature on the Heat Production. Another colony (Colony A) was used during the winter of 1912-13 to deter- mine the responses of a normal colony to changes in outer temperature. It also was located on the roof, where the bees were free to fly whenever the wheather permitted and where it was exposed to rapid changes in tempera- ture. It was in a 10 frame Langstroth_ hive, the entrance being reduced to 3-8 inches deep and eight inches wide and the colony was not packed or given additional protection. In this hive we placed nineteen electrical thermometers, three on the bottom board in a row down the cen- ter, one in each upper corner and twelve among the combs distributed in such a way that the cluster could never get away from all of them. Readings were made hourly from 9 a. m. to 4 p. m. through the entire period of observation (Sept. 26th to March 28th), except Sun- days and holidays, and at intervals ad- ditional special series of readings were made every 15 minutes (sometimes ev- ery 30 minutes) during the night (5 p. m. to 8:45 a. m.) for periods of several days each. In all 41,413 records were made of temperatures in Colony A. The reaction of the cluster in heat production, as induced by changes in external temperature, is well shown by the records made from noon November 13 to 2 p. m. November 15 (1912), when readings were made hourly from 9 a. m. to 4 p. m. and every 15 minutes at night. From noon on November 13th the outside temperature dropped slowly until 6 a. m. November 15th, and the weather was cloudy, so that the bees did not fly. At noon on the 13th the outside temperature was about 69.20F. and all the points within the hive were then cooler than the outside air, due to the fact that it took some time for the inside of the hive to warm up. At 4 p. m. the outside temperature had dropped to 65.3°F., when it was lower than any of the points within the cluster, which had in .the mean- time become warmer. From this time until 6 p. m. the next day (14th) the temperature within the cluster gradu- ally dropped as the outer air cooled, until the lowest one (No. 9) was 57°F. ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 71 (Outside temperature, 48.20F.) The generation of heat began at 6.15 p. m. at this point, which was to one side of the cluster, and is to be attributed to the movement of the bees in forming a definite cluster. At 6:30 p. m. a rise in temperature was noticed on ther- mometer 19, at the other gide of the cluster. Until 10.15 p. m. the changes in temperature are probably to be in- terpreted as incidental to the formation of a compact cluster, and from this time until the next day at the close of the series of readings the thermometers within the cluster showed a consider- ably higher temperature than the outer air, or than the thermometers outside the cluster. The maximum in this series was reached at 3.15 a. m., No- vember 15th, when thermometer 12 in the center of the cluster registered over S9.4op. After the coMest outside temperature was reached and the outer air began to get warmer (6.15 a. m., November 15), there was a tendency for the clus- ter temperatures to drop. This is somewhat noticeable in the case now being discussed, and is more clearly seen in records obtained in other series. In general, after a period of cold, when the outside temperature begins to rise, the cluster temperatures drop slowly to meet the outside temperature. The generation of heat is reduced, or even discontinued, only to be increased when the outside temperature again drops, or when it gets high enough to induce greater activity, as in flight. It is found also, by taking more frequent readings when the cluster temperature is above about 69 °F., that it is less constant than when it is below this temperature, indicating that at tem- peratures above this point the bees move about to some extent, while be- tween 57° and 69° they are quiet, un- less flight is desirable owing to a long confinement. This series of readings is supported by numerous records taken on this and other colonies throughout the winter and, since all the observations tend to confirm what was first seen on the record presented here, we feel justified in presenting a definite statement of the reactions of the cluster to outside temperatures. It may be added that a careful study of the records of previ- ous investigators fails to show a simi- lar statement on this subject. When a colony is without brood, if the bees do not fly and are not disturbed and if the temperature does not go too high, the bees generate practically no heat until the coolest point among the bees reaches a temperature of about 570F. At temperatures above oTop. a compact cluster is not formed, but the bees are widely distributed over the combs. At the lower critical tempera- ture, which is for the present stated as 57 °F., the bees begin to form a com- pact cluster, and if the temperature of the air surrounding them continues to drop they begin to generate heat within the cluster, often reaching tem- peratures considerably higher than those at which they were formerly quiet and satisfied. It is evident, therefore, that the temperature within the cluster is far from being uniform in winter, as has been, in a sense, as- sumed among bractical bee-keepers. At the temperature at which other in- sects become less active (begin hiber- nation) the honeybee becomes more active and generates heat, in some cases until the temperature within the cluster is as high as that of the brood nest in summer. To sum up, wtien the temperature of a colony of undis- turbed broodless bees is above 57°F. and below 69 °F. the bees are quiet and their temperature drifts with the outer temperature; at lower temperatures they form a compact cluster, and the temperature within it is raised by heat generated by the bees. We desire to state that while the lower critical point, 57°F., appears rather well established, the observa- tions up to the present do not justify too definite a statement concerning the upper limit of. quiescence. It must be emphasized that these conditions do not apply when the colony has brood. The rearing of brood in winter causes a marked increase in heat production and constitutes a condition which may become one of the most disastrous that can befall a confined colony. When the heat production of the colony is explained, we are able to understand to some extent the diver- gence in the records obtained by other observers. It has, of course, long been known that bees generate heat, and it has been pointed out that during cold weather the temperature of the cluster is often higher than during warmer weather. While the temperatures previously recorded are in most cases 72 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF- THE abnormal, due to disturbance, the chief difficulty in understanding the phe- nomena which take place is due to in- sufficient observations. For example, if between noon November 13 and 2 p. m. November 15 only a half dozen temperature records had been made for the cluster (and perhaps without find- ing the warmest part of it) and the outside air, it would have been im- possible to determine the limits of heat production. Most observers have been satisfied with a few observations. and seemingly every one who has in- serted a thermometer in a hive has felt called upon to publish the results, thereby only confusing the problem. The Effect of Confinement and the Accumulation of Feces. Before begin- ning a discussion of the effect of con- finement and the accumulation of feces it may be recalled that during the ac- tive summer season the length of life of worker bees is in a sense determined by the work done by them, rather than by days or weeks. The greater the necessity for . excessive activity the shorter the term of life. We believe that we have evidence to prove that this applies to the winter also, and this belief is entirely supported by the ex- perience of bee-keepers everywhere. That bees may come out of winter quarters strong in numbers and vital- ity it follows that the work to be done by the bees in the winter should be reduced to a minimum; and the winter problem, as thus interpreted, is there- fore to find the conditions under w'hich broodless bees do the least work. The work which broodless -bees do in winter consists, so far as has been determined, solely in the production of heat or in activity incident to flying on warm days (if free to fly), and therefore the problem, so far as it is under the con-- trol of the bee-keeper, is primarily to obviate the necessity for the produc- tion of heat. If brood is reared the work of the bees is necessarily enor- mously increased, and their vitality is correspondingly decreased. So far as. evidence is available in our work, the ' colony is not fully recompensed for this expenditure of energy by an in- crease in the strength of the colony by bees thus reared. The colonies to be discussed under this heading (Nos. 1 and 3) were wintered in a constant-temperature room at the University of Pennsyl- vania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in special 6 frame hives (to economize space and concentrate the colony so that fewer thermometers would be re- quired) with full entrances and were not propolized or sealed at the top. During the regular series of readings the room was kept at a temperature which rarely dropped below 40°F. or went above 4.5 °F., and the average temperature from October 14 to March 6 was 42.67 OF. This temperature was chosen as being nearly the one usually considered best by bee-keepers. The foods given these colonies were stored in the combs, just as placed by the bees. There was some pollen available in colony No. 1. On this colony, 24,- 077 temperature readings were taken. According to what has been said in the previous section, we should expect bees at such a temperature to main- tain a compact cluster and to generate some heat at all times. This was actually the case, the temperature of the interior of the clusters dropping below 64 OF. only a few times in either colony. Colony No. 1, on honey stores, was in the constant-temperature room from October 12, 1912, to March 24, 1913, or 163 days. It was then removed for a flight and put back the same even-' ing, where it remained until March 28. From March 7 at 9 a. m. until March 28 at 4 p. m. readings were made on this colony every 15 minutes night and day, wit^i the exception of the period between 9 a. m. and 7 p. m. on the 24th, when it was out of doors. During this period of three weeks the temperature of the room was changed slowly, being raised as high as 640F. and cooled to 130F. When this colony was first placed in the room for the regular series of read- ings, after a preliminary confinement, October 12 (the readings were begun Monday, October 14), it maintained a cluster temperature which usually lay between 64° and 680F., the daily aver- age temperature departing from these rather narrow limits only four times up to November 22. The average temperature is 66.50F. During the first five weeks the temperature of the room was less regular than later (due to faulty working of the regulating ap- paratus), and this doubtless accounts for some irregularities in the cluster temperature. At first the three ther- ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 73 mometers in the cluster (1, 2, and. 5) gave temperature readings quite close together, while thermometer 6, which was near the cluster, gave readings intermediate between the three ther- mometers of the cluster and the four others in the hive, farther from the cluster. After November 22 the records of the thermometers in the cluster were more widely separated and the temperature of the center of the cluster (shown on thermometer 5) tended to rise gradually. It varied constantly, but by December 7, and from then until the end of the month, it averaged be- tween 69° and 75 °F. On November 29 and December 12 the cluster tem- perature rose to over 88 op. From the 1st of January until March 6, which ended the regular series of readings, the cluster temperature became more and more irregular, and on January 20 the cluster moved (probablj' to accommodate itself to the stores) until thermometer 2 was nearer the center and showed a higher temperature than thermometer 5. The size of the cluster was gradu- ally decreased by the death of bees, and all the thermometers except 2 and 6 show a gradual decrease in temper- ature until finally, from about Feb- ruary 25 to March 6, they are all low and of nearly equal temperature. The two thermometers giving high readings continued to show in general a higher and higher average temperature and to become more irregular (except from February 15 to March 1), the periods of increased heat becoming more fre- quent. There was absolutely no regu- larity in these intervals. After Feb- ruary 1 the temperature of the cluster varied between 75° and 91°F., the average from February 1 being 85.4 °F. On March 6 all colonies in the con- stant-temperature room except two were removed. The colony described above (No. 1) and one other (No. 2), not to be described at present, were left. On Mai'ch 7 at 9 a. m. the tem- perature of the room stood at 42 °F., and the temperature of the interior of the cluster was about 84°F. The brine which cooled the room was then shut oft' and the temperature of the room rose very slowly and regularly, until on March 11 at 8.45 a. m. it was 64°F. For the first day the temperature of the cluster was slightly variable, and at 10.45 p. m. thermometer 6, which had been cooler than thermometer 2, showed a rise in temperature (prob- ably due to a shifting of the cluster), and from then on to the 24th they were nearly of the same temperature at all times. On March 8, at 3 a. m., ther- mometer 2 rose to 87° F. (room tem- perature, 48.5 °F.), having previously shown a cooling. The cluster temper- ature then dropped slightly, showing relatively little variation until at 4.15 p. m., March 9, it stood at 77.3°F. (room temperature, 55.7°F.). As the room temperature continued to rise, the cluster temperature increased still more rapidly, until at 8.15 a. m., March 11, it reached 93°F. (room temperature, 64.2°F.). A little brine was now turned on, sufficient to lower the temperature gradually to 58°F. at 9 a. m., March 12, and it again rose to 63.3°F. at 5.45 p. m., March 15. During this period the cluster temperature followed the room temperature, but remained constantly over 20° warmer. The room was again cooled slowly, and the cluster temper- ature dropped until on March 16, at 3 p. m., the room was 49 °F. and the cluster 77.5°F. As the room continued ^0 cool, the cluster temperature in- creased, the bees responding to the colder temperature, until at 4.15 a. m., March 17, the room was 48 °F. and the cluster 88°F. The room then gradual- ly warmed, and again the temperature of the cluster dropped and then again rose with the room temperature, re- maining always over 20° warmer. At 6.45 p. m., March 19, the brine was turned on full and the room cooled rapidly, reaching the minimum of 13°F. at 9 p. m., March 20. At no time, how- ever, did any of the thermometers in the hive record a temperature below 33 °F. Here it remained constant within 0.1°F. for about six hours, dur- ing which time the cluster tempera- ture varied between 86.5° and 89.5°F. (a difference between the room and the cluster temperatures of 73° to 76°F.). The brine was now shut off and the room again warmed until 9 a. m., March 24, when it reached a tempera- ture of 44.5°F. During this warming the cluster cooled until at the close it was varying between 72° and 79 °F. As stated above, the colony was now (9 a. m., March 24) removed for a flight and put back the same day at 7 p. m. In the meantime the room was cooled to 33°F. When the bees were put back into the room the tempera- ture of the entire inside of the hive showed great variation and naturally 74 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL, REPORT OF THE an increase due to the warming up while out of doors and to the activi- ties of a good flight. The points out- side the cluster dropped rapidly, but it was midnight, March 25 (31 hours), before the curves of temperature again appeared normal. The room was slowly warmed to 63.2 oR at 6.30 p. m., March 26, and then slightly cooled to 540F. at 6 a. m., March 27, and again warmed to oS.S^F. at the close of the series, 4 p. ip., March 28. After the flight the temperature of the cluster never dropped below 89.5 °F., and the highest temperature reached was over 950F. (soon after the flight). Ther- mometer 6 remained high,- but ther- mometer 2, which had previously been hfgh, now approached the other ther- mometers, probably due to a rapid loss of bees and to a decrease in the num- ber of bees during the flight. It must be recalled that these bees had been confined for an abnormally long time and were subjected to treatment which is at least unusual. After this colony was taken from the room for the last time it was found that thermometer 6 was over a patch of larvae, and, esti- mating as accurately as possible, the eggs from which these hatched must have been laid at the time when the room was coldest (March 20-21) and when the cluster temperature was at its highest point. There had been no brood previously, according to the temperature records, as compared with those of this colony earlier and with those of other colonies, nor was there much evidence of increased heat pro- duction due to the presence of brood until after the flight. Probably no extra heat was produced for the eggs, and possibly the hatching of the eggs was somewhat delayed by the low outer temperature. The effects on the cluster temperature which might be expected from a flight, in relieving the accumulation of feces, were not ob- served, because brood rearing had been begun. Colony No. 3 was placed in the con- stant-temperature room October 12, 1912, after a good flight, and readings were begun on Monday, the 14th. In all, 2,165 temperature records were made on Colony 3. The stores pro- vided this colony consisted of honey- dew honey, which was gathered in the department apiary and which, since it granulated almost at once, had been removed by melting up the combs which contained it. After this opera- tion it remained liquid. During the summer of 1912 some of this honeydevv honey was fed to a colony in the open, during a dearth of nectar, and was stored in new combs above the brood chamber, in which no cells of pollen were to be found. After the second storing the honeydew honey was clear, well ripened, and did not granulate. This colony was also in a 6 frame hive, as previously described, and con- tained five thermometers (Nos. 14-18) among the combs. It is of course well known to bee-keepers that honeydew honey is not a good food for winter. When this colony was first put into the constant-temperature room, it be- haved much as did Colony No. l, ex- cept that the temperature varied between 69° and TS.T^F. for the first week, being slightly higher and more variable than that of Colony No. 1. The second week it reiAained much the ■ same, the temperature, however, vary- ing between 69° and SO°F. From this, time on the temperature of the center of the cluster rose rapidly, never dropping below .79°F. from October 29 almost to the close of the readings. After November 4 the temperature re- mained above 86° F., and after Novem- ber 11 it dropped below 89 °F., only twice until the end. Thermometer 17 ac first read about 4° below thermome- ter 14, but after November 11 they were close together until November 25, when thermometer 17 began to cool rapidly, due to loss of , bees, and after November 30 thermometer 14 cooled rapidly until, on December 9, it showed that no more bees remained alive. From December 2 to 7, inclus- ive, there was little heat generated, due to the scarcity of bees. It is of interest to observe the records of ther- mometer 16, near the cluster, but usually outside of it. It at 'first showed a temperature but little higher than the two thermometers away from the cluster, but on October 31 it began to rise until, on November i'2, it reached 80.5°F., when it was doubtless covered by the bees. Even the two thermometers (15 and 18) clear to the back of the hive rose until, on Novem- ber 13, they recorded 61.5°F. These thermometers showed about the same temperatures for about 10 days, and then these two and thermometer 16' showed a cooling, since the bees were dying so fast that there were no longer ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 75 enough to warm up these thermome- ters away from the center of activity. It was to be expected that this colony would die, and the experiment was performed to learn thie phenomena in- cident to the loss. Before summing up the results of these two colonies, Nos 1 and 3, it may be stated that, so far as the evi- dence here presented is concerned, the results as far as here discussed are confirmed by records from 10 other colonies kept in the constant-tempera- ture room, but fed other foods and otherwise different. There is in all of ^the records no evidence which we can interpret as at all contrary to the views here stated. It is evident from the behavior of colony No. 1 that at least one factor en- tered which gradually caused the bees in the cluster to generate more and more heat until at the beginning of the special series, March 7th, the cluster temperature was about 20° warmer than it was at the same room tempera- ture at the beginning of the confine- ment. It is also seen that during the special series, March 7-24, the cluster temperature always remained at least 20° above the room temperature, whereas from the discussion of bees unconflned (Colony A) we might expect them to cease heat generation when above the lower critical temperature (57°F.). In the case of colony 3, fed on honeydew honey stores, the factor which caused more heat to. be pro- duced evidently increased much more rapidly. As stated previously, honeydew honey is a poor food for winter and is so recognized. It contains the same sugars as honej% but contains in addi- tion a considerable amount of dextrin, the particular lot fed to colony 3 con- taining 4.55 per cent while good honeys contain only a fraction of 1 per cent. From the evidence at hand it appears that dextrin can not be digested by bees and, whether or not this is the ex- planation, honeydew honey causes a rapid accumulation of feces which usually results in the condition known as dysentery, in bad cases of which the feces are voided in the hive. In the case of colony 3 the whole hive in- side and out, as well as the frames and combs, were spotted badly, the inside of the hive being practically covered. Even with fine honey stores such a spotting is usually noticed after a pro- longed confinement, especially in severe weather (or during brood rearing). It therefore appears that the accumula- tion of feces acts as an irritant, caus- ing the bees to become more active and consequently to maintain a higher tem- perature. We are therefore justified in believing that the cause of poor win- tering on honeydew honey is due to excessive activity, resulting in the bees wearing themselves out and ultimately in the death of the colony. In the case of colonies on good stores the feces ac- cumulate more slowly and the excess activity is not so marked and is in- duced more gradually. The accumula- tion of feces due to confinement causes increased activity and this in turn is the cause of excessive heat production, resulting in a reduction in the vitality of the bees. It therefore follows that excessive ac- tivity causes the consumption of more food, resulting in turn in more feces, so that colonies on poor stores are traveling in a vicious circle, which, if the feces can not be discharged, re- sults in the death of the colony. While the activity of the cluster is greater at some times than at others, there are not, as has been held, regular intervals of activity at which the colony rouses itself to take food. At no time is a colony kept at a room temperature of 45 °F. or less in a condition which can be characterized as inactive. Pre- sumably the reported "intervals of ac- tivity" have occurred when the colony made a noise due to disturbance by the bee-keeper. The bees in colony 3 were compelled to work constantly to maintain so high a cluster temperature. In fact, they did more work than colonies wintered in the open air. Keeping these bees in a cellar protected them from low ' outside temperatures, but the lack of opportunity for a normal ejection of feces caused a condition more serious than extreme cold weather. We seem to have here an explanation of the fact, often observed by bee-keepers, that some colonies wintered in the cel- lar are in worse condition in the spring than colonies that are exposed to severe cold. Poor food is evidently a more serious handicap than low temperature. Humidity in Winter. This subject is one concerning which less definite information is available, although it is one which has been much discussed by bee-keepers. One of the 76 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE chief difficulties seems to be a lack of information concerning' the interrela- tionship of temperature and relative humidity and it may be well to make some of these points clear. The Source of Moisture in the Hive. All northern bee-keepers know that under some conditions, especially in the cellar, the atmosphere in the hive in winter may become so laden with mois- ture that it cannot all remain in the form of water vapor but condenses on the hive and combs. Water may even run from the hive during- the winter confinement. Obviously this moisture does not come from outside the hive for this often occurs when the cellar appears dry. Within the hive the only source of moisture is the food consumed by the bees. Honey not only contains about 20 per cent water but when the sugars are consumed and assimilated the final products are carbon dioxide and water. Honeys vary in composition but on an average when one pound of honey is consumed there is produced about two- thirds of a pound of water and, since honey is one and one-half times as heavy as water, one gallon of honey when consumed produces approximately one gallon of water. If we take for example a bee cellar containing 216 colonies and estimate the average consumption of honey dur- ing the winter at ten pounds per colony the total honey consumed is 2,160 pounds or 180 gallons. This produces 1,440 pounds of water or 180 gallons, enough to fill six 30 gallon barrels. If these colonies are in the cellar for four months there will be given off one and one-half gallons of water a day and unless there is considerable movement ' of air within the cellar the atmosphere cannot take it all up as water vapor and condensation will occur. The Relation of Humidity to Tem- perature. Before discussing the changes which take place in the humidity of the hive it may be best to take up some facts concerning the moisture content of the atmosphere as influenced by tem- perature. It is of course well known that if warm moisture laden atmos- phere is cooled its capacity for water vapor is decreased and moisture is con- densed. This is shown in the conden- sation of moisture on the outside of a glass of ice water. Similarly we have condensation on the surface of the leaves which we call "dew" if the mois- ture remains liquid and "frdst" if it is frozen as it condenses. These phe- nomena are duplicated in Hie bee hive and bee cellar. | The problem of the bee-keeper Is to eliminate this moisture, whiich leaves the body of the bee in the f orrn of water vapor, without condensation.; This has been done in cellar wintering (1) by raising the temperature of 'the outer air, (2) by drying the air (|as by the use of unslaked lime in the ^cellar), or (3) by causing the air to move so that as the atmosphere becomes laden with moisture it is replaced with! other air capable of taking up more moisture. To determine by weight the actual amount of water in the atmosphere is difficult in ordinary practice and the usual method is to determine the rela- tive humidity, that is the amount of moisture in the atmosphere compared with the maximum which might be held at that temperature. The common method is by the use of ^ the wet and dry bulb thermometers, to determine how much the wet bulb; Is cooled by evaporation. Then from ;this data the relative humidity is'obtaiijied from pre- pared tables. ; To make clear the relation of the relative humidity to temperature it may be well to choose a few examples. For the first case, there may be assumed a cluster temperature of 60°F. (barome- ter, 30 in.) in an atmosphere which is fully saturated. In this event the slightest 'cooling will ^ cause condensa- tion an& the wet bulb in such an at- mosphere (if it could be circulated rapidly) would show no cooling. No evaporation can occur as the atmos- phere cannot take up any more mois- ture. If, however, the wet bulb can be cooled at this temperature the relative humidity is less as the readings of the wet bulb thermometer are lowered. The temperature to which an atmosphere must be cooled to produce condensation is known as the "dew-point". This is also lowered as the humidity decreases. These points are illustrated in the ac- companying table: Assumed cluster temperatures. Dry Wet Dew Relative bulb bulb point hjamidity 60°F. 60OF. 60°F. 106 per cent GOOF. 580F. 57°F. 89 per cent 60°F. 560F. 530F. 78 per cent ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 77 Assumed cluster temperatures. Dry bulb 60°. P. 60OF. 60°F. 60° P. Wet bulb 54°F. 52°F. 50op. 48° P. Dew point 49°P. 45°P. 40OF. 35°P. Relative humidity 68 per cent 58 per cent 48 per cent 39 per cent With such an assumed temperature of the cluster (60° P.) only the highest relative humidities would show con- densation in an atmosphere in which such a cluster temperature would be found, for such a cluster temperature could occur only when the external temperature is above 57°F. If different temperatures are as- sumed for the cluster (all of which have been observed under different condi- tions by various investigators) the rela- tive humidity of the warmer atmos- phere which will show no condensation when cooled to cellar temperature is given in the following table (barome- ter, 30 in.). Assumed cluster temperatures. Dry Wet Dew Relative bulb bulb point humidity 60°P. 52°F. 45°F. 58 per cent 65°F. 54oP. 45°P. . 48 per cent 75op. 58. sop. 46°P. 35 per cent 960F. 660F. 45°F. 18 per cent In this second table the numbers are chosen so that the dew-point is prac- tically\45°P. in all cases, assumed as an average cellar temperature. It ap- pears that a given amount of water given off by bees at 96°F. creates a much lower relative humidity (18 per cent) than the same quantity of water at eoop. (58 per cent) because the warmer atmosphere is capable of hold- ing more water vapor, and relative hu- midity is simply an expression of the percentage present compared with all that the atmosphere can hold. How- ever, to maintain a temperature of 96°F. necessitates the consumption of much more honey and this in turn gives off much more water vapor. Consqeuently with a cellar temperature of 45°P. we should expect much more condensation in a colony with a cluster temperature of 96 °F. than in one with a cluster temperature of only 65 °F., except that the increased heat would tend to produce stronger currents of air in the hive which might relieve the situation somewhat. Since 96°F. is about brood rearing temperature it is partly indicated why brood rearing during the winter confinement may be highly injurious, as it is usually held to be. It may be stated that a cellar temperature of 45 op. and a cluster temperature of 60°P. might not occur; the other temperatures used in the table might well occur under different conditions. In making determinations of relative humidity it is necessary to take into account the barometric pressure but in any given locality the changes of the barometer are so small as to be neg- ligible and therefore need not be dis- cussed here. In any event in using wet and dry bulb thermometers the conversion table used must be for the right barometric pressure. A further word of warning concern- ing the use of wet and dry bulb ther- mometers may not be amiss. To ob- tain accurate results the air must be moving past the bulbs at the minimum rate of 15 feet per second and if this is not occurring naturally the ther- mometers must be whirled at a corre- sponding rate. Unless this is done the readings are entirely worthless. Great care must be taken not to read the wet bulb thermometer until it registers as low as it will fall. It is therefore obvious that wet and dry bulb ther- mometers hung in the bee cellar and not whirled give no reliable data as to the relative humidity of the cellar. Many bee-keepers thus use them, in- correctly. How Moisture Escapes from the Hive in Winter. During the summer when nectar is being ripened into honey, great quantities of water leave the hive in the form of water vapor. During this period the hive is being well ventilated by fanning bees so that the atmosphere is changed rapidly and, being warm, is capable of taking up more moisture than is the atmosphere of the bee cellar. In winter when the. bees are in a cluster this ventilation by fanning does not occur. The amount of water that must leave the hive is much less than in summer but on the other hand it either must pass out in air set in motion by changes in temperature or will condense on the frames, combs and hive and possibly run out by gravity. If the atmosphere of the bee cellar 78 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE is heavily charged with water vapor, as is frequently the case, that within the hive must be saturated. The ad- ditional water produced by the bees will therefore condense and run out the entrance. It frequently happens that the air inside is saturated while that outside is capable of taking- up this moisture again by evaporation, so that there may be no w-ater visible except within the hive, most often on the cover, and possibly also on the bottom board. If the wooden cover of the hive is loose or if the hive is covered with some absorbent or porous material, the heat escaping from the cluster may cause the formation of slight upward ail' currents which w-ill carry the moisture out the top in the form of vapor. Out of doors there may be condensation of moisture in the porous packing more rapidly than it can be carried off by evaporation, in which case the packing becomes wet and usually thereby less effective as a non- conductor of heat. With sealed covers the moisture must pass out the en- trance and this may also occur in the form of vapor if the outer air is of sufficiently low relative humidity to take up all the water as it comes out- side. One of the much discussed questions among bee-keepers is whether it is better to have the wooden cover of the hive sealed tightly by the bees w-ith propolis or whether the replacing of the cover with an absorbent cushion to take up the moisture does not keep the colony in better condition. The usual method of providing upward ventilation is to place several thick- nesses of absorbent cloth or other absorbent material over the frames, over which is placed suitable packing material. Out of doors care must be. taken to have the cover waterproof so that the packing and absorbent ma- terial will not become w'et from rain or snow. Another method used to a considerable extent in New Tork state is to have a small hole in the front of the hive through which the moisture laden air may escape. If the temperature of the inside of the hive, not in the cluster, is low and the humidity of the air which escapes from the cluster is high, this moisture will not escape from the entrance without condensation. In such a com- bination of circumstances it is obvi- ously advantageous to provide an avenue of escape. This the upward ventilation and absorbent cover does. The late W. Z. Hutchinson who had unexcelled opportunities for studying bees in winter in North Michigan says "Those bee-keepers who have been the most successful in wintering their bees . out of doors in the higher latitudes have, so far as I know, given upward ventilation through some kind of packing material." Coggshall refers to the severe winter of 1880 when in his region (Groton, N. Y.) the temperature remained below 0.0 °F. for three weeks in January. Three-fourths of the bees in New York died and he lost half of his. Those saved had been packed with burlap or carpet over the frames over which was four to six inches of dry sawdust. Bees in box hives died unless the boxes had a hole for flight half way up or were cracked so that moisture could escape. On the other hand it is frequently observed that colonies in box hives sealed inside by the bees of^en winter better than colonies in hives with movable frames carefully packed. The majority of box hives are much higher than they are wide. This enables the bees, by going toward the top, to keep the temperature of the combs about them high enough so that moisture does not condense and furthermore • there are frequently cracks to allow the escape of moisture. In situations where the temperature oi the combs and hive does not often reach the point of condensation or if a low temperature is prevented by packing, a tightly sealed! cover can do no harm and many bee-Keepers report success in wintering bees in such con- ditions. The attributing! of differences in manipulation and methods to "lo- cality" has been greatly overdone by bee-keepers, particularly since they usually do not describe the character- istics of the locality or analyse their conditions to determine why certain things prove best. This peculiarity in the bee-keeping literature is probably largely to blame for the discussions on, the virtues of upward ventilation. It should be borne in mind, however, that, while sealed covers may be harmful in colder regions, upward ventilation is not objectionable in warmer regions. A careful study of the methods em- ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 79 ployed by the bee-keepers who winter their bees most successfully would probably show that the quotation given above from Hutchinson is correct. - Effect on the Humidity of Changing the Outside Temperatures. Any change in the temperature of the bee cellar may affect the humidity of the air in the hive in two ways. As the optimum cellar temperature is approached, the heat produced by a normal colony will diminish and this decreases the food consumed and consequently the water produced. The widely varying reports of the food consumed by bees in cellars find their explanation chiefly in the difference in the temp.erature of the cluster. As the cellar is cooled below the optimum not only is there more water produced but the cooler atmos- phere is incapable of holding so much and there is therefore an augumented cause for condensation. In this connection it may be of in- terest to record a few observations made by one of the authors on bee cellars not long since. The first cellar was away from any house, was venti- lated by the sub-earth system and was without any artificial heat. The tem- perature of the air at the floor was 40°F. and in the center of the cellar, 4] op There was little circulation of air, and moisture had condensed free- ly in the chamber above the cellar proper, under the roof. In this cellar were 98 colonies in 24 stacks. Of these, condensed moisture was seen on the bottom boards of 21 in the bottom tier, 11 in the next tier, 3 in the third and 6 in the top tier. There was no condensed moisture on the floor. The only adequate explanation for the greater number of wet colonies in the lower tiers is the slightly lower tem- perature at the floor. If, now, there had been more ventilation provided without greatly lowering the cellar temperature, this moisture might at least have reached the chamber above the cellar before condensing and doubtless if the temperature could have been riaised a couple of degrees all of the condensed moisture would have disappeared from the bottom boards. There might still have been condensa- tion on the covers, where it first ap- pears, but this too would doubtless have evaporated at 45°F. with good ventilation. In a second cellar where the tempera- ture was 45.5°F. at the floor and SQOF. six and one -half feet from the floor, there was no condensed moisture in any of the 93 colonies. Here the ventil- ation was much more abundant and the cellar was artificially heated. In a third cellar, temperature 40 °F. five feet from the floor, there was moisture on several covers but none on the bottom boards. The ventilation was excellent. In a fourth cellar temperature 52. 5°F., no condensation was observed even on the covers. It therefore appears from these few observations that in the two cellars at 40 °F. the moisture was more in evidence in the poorly ventilated cellar and that when the temperature was raised to 45.5 or 52.5°F. no conden- sation occurred. In this connection it should be remembered that the cellar temperature is often higher than that of the outer air, thus giving the atmos- phere a greater capacity for water vapor. For example, if air comes from the outside at 0.0 °F. into a cellar where it is warmed to 45 °F. its capacity for moisture is increased thereby almost eight times (barometer 30 in.) so that even if the atmosphere at 0°F. ia sat- urated it is capable of taking up much more moisture when it reaches the cel- lar temperature. Moist air passing from the cellar will often cause frost to form about the ventilating holes. The only conclusions that can safely be made from the data on these four cellars is that concerning the capacity of the atmosphere for water at different temperatures. Other factors entered into the wintering of bees in these four cellars so that probably no re- liable conclusions could be formed from data as to the food consumed by the various colonies, even if these were available. In discussing the condensation of moisture in the hive and the various methods by vv^hich it may be avoided, one must not lose sight of the fact that little is definitely known as to the effects of such condensation or of a high relative humidity on the winter- ing of bees. From the experience of numerous bee-keepers there is justifi- cation for concluding that bees winter better in the dryer cellars but it is not so clear whether this statement would hold true for all cellar tempera- tures. In most systems of cellar ven- tilation the object accomplished is not So much to provide oxygen for the bees as to eliminate the exhaled moisture 80 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL. REPORT OF THE without too great condensation. The amount of oxygen needed to oxydize a couple of pounds of honey per month is not great. Even in a cellar in which a ton of honey is consumed dur- ing the winter, as in the theoretical case cited, sufficient oxygen would probably get in without any special provision for ventilation. This is not true for the elimination of the water, however. In discussing the exclusion of mois- ture from the hive it is necessary to bear in mind one other hiding place for moisture, usually overlooked. In hives where condensation is common the hive and cover often become satur- ated and sufficient moisture may be held in this way that it comes through and blisters the paint on the outside surface of the hive. It is clear that, on account of this absorption of water by the hive, many records of weights on the removal of bees from the cellar fail to give accurately the loss in weight by the consumption of honey and the death of bees. Much honey finds its equivalent in the water in the soaked hive. Before drawing any con- clusion as to the honey consumed we must be sure that condensation or evaporation do not affect the weights of parts assumed to be constant. A re- verse example of this phenomenon is to be found in some records made of the weight of a hive and combs (with- out bees) made recently. The hive lost weight constantly by evaporation when placed in k dry room. Effects of Humidity. It may as well be. stated that we have no data show- ing the effects of an increase or de- crease in the relative humidity on the activities of the bees in winter. We therefore do not know what relative humidity is best, for we do not know whether the moisture is the cause or the effect of poor wintering. From practical experience it may be con- cluded that excessive condensation is indicative of poor wintering and most bee-keepers aim to have their cellars as dry as practical. Whether this is desirable for the warmer cellars re- mains to be determined. Elwood falls into a common error, in which he is probably accompanied by many bee-keepers, when he states that a damp cellar at 45° to 50OF. is no warmer than a dry cellar at 38° to 40°F. This conception arises from our per- sonal experience that high relative hu- midity gives us a feeling of chill. There is no evidence that beeg with very dif- ferent exteriors are so affected. At any rate it is evident that conden- sation of moisture on the combs of honey is not beneficial since this favors the growth of molds. The damp, dark interior of the hive is certainly favor- able for the growth of these organisms. It is not yet shown how these are in- jurious but they can scarcely be as- sumed to be desirable as food. A still more serious consideration is the fact that honey tends to take up moisture either from a highly saturated atmos- phere or from water condensed on the surface of the comb. This dilution of the honey often leads to some fermen- tation, injuring the honey as a food. Dr. Phillips exhibited Chart and had some discussion jon same. (Pres. Baxter resumes Chair.) Pres. Baxter — Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: Tour State Inspector of Apiaries, Mr. Kildow, and myself, visited the Auditor, Mr. Brady, and also the Secretary of the State Legis- lative Bureau, in regard to some legis- lation which is proposed this coming winter, and we found that this Bureau was a good thing, and we want to give them all the information concerning our work that" we possibly can and make it as strong as possible. Then we found out that there is an- other Bureau, called the Bureau of Efficiency and Economy, consisting of a President and five Commissioners, each one of whom receives a salary of about $1,500 a year. Their purpose is to combine all the Associations in the state, that are receiving appropria- tions, into one body under their control. They are to ask each one of these As- sociations to make out, a yearly budget of their requirements; ""specifying for what purpose every penny is to be used, making an itemized account, so much for postage, so ihuch for salaries, so much for traveling expenses, so much for this and that, and they will ask for the appropriation direct them- selves without the aid of any of the Associations, and after receiving the appropriation they will distribute this appropriation as they see fit to dis- tribute it, and each society that re- ceives any of the appropriation can only use it for specific purposes that they mention in their budget — so that, if you put down $100 for postage and ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 81 only need $1.00, the other $99 has to go back into the state treasury. Now, then, Mr. Brady, who is the State Auditor, we find is opposed to this. It is going to give the Governor a mighty strong political pull and that is what it is for. He will be absolute monarch of everything in the state, and Mr. Brady advises us that we can see for ourselves that it is to our interest to steer clear of this, and therefore, as' I urged in my annual report — I be- lieve a Committee should be appointed to co-operate with these other Associa- tions in fighting this commission. I believe the Bureau of Information to be a good thing but not this Bureau of Efficiency and Economy. I believe we should appoint a committee — and yesterday I recommended that your Executive Committee be named to co- operate with these other Associations, and I would repeat that recommenda- tion again today. I would say: Put the strongest men you have on that Committee. Mr. Stone — Mr. Chairman, I would like to saj^ here, while there is a little lull, — The Secretary of the Peoria As- sociation of Commerce has asked this Association to come to Peoria and hold their next meeting. This is the sec- ond or third time they have applied for the holding of this meeting at Peoria; the only way we can satisfy them is to tell them that our charter fixes the place of meeting — at Spring- field — and then they are satisfied. I just say this to show you they are all after us. Pres. Baxter — The hour is now get- ting late; it is time now for our elec- tion, and, before we proceed with the election of officers, I will appoint three tellers — Dr. Baxter, Mr. King and Mr. Kelley. Pres. Baxter — If the tellers are ready -^we will proceed with the nomination for President. Mr. Stone — I want to say that we have never had a President who has helped the Secretary any more than the present incumbent of the Chair. I nominate Mr. E. J. Baxter for Presi- dent for the coming year. Motion seconded and carried. No other nominations being made, the nomination for President was closed and the Secretary was instructed to cast the ballot for Mr. E, J. Baxter for President for 1915. Mr. Baxter — Ladies and Gentlemen, I thank you very much for the honor conferred; I shall try to do in the future as I have done in the past; do my very best for the welfare of the society and promotion of the industry not only in our state but throughout the country. I believe the next thing in order will be the election of five Vice-Presidents. Mr. Kelley — I move that we write five names on a ticket and the five re- ceiving the highest number of votes be declared elected. Motion seconded and carried. The following Vice-Presidents were duly elected in the order named. Mr. W. B. Moore; Mr. Aaron Coppin; ; Dr. A. C. Baxter; 1 Mr. H. C. Dadant; Mr. J. W. Bowen. Pres. Baxter — The next thing in order will be the election of Secretary. Mr. CoPPin — I nominate Mr. James A. Stone as Secretary. Mr. Moore — Mr. Chairman, I move that the nominations be closed and the President of this Association be instructed to cast the ballot for Mr. James A. Stone as Secretary for 1915. It was so ordered and Mr. Stone was elected Secretary. Mr. Stone — I cannot make a better speech than to say, thank you. Pres. Baxter — The next in order will be the election of Treasurer. Mr. Moore — I make a motion that Mr. Becker, our present Treasurer, be nominated for Treasurer for 1915. Motion seconded and carried and Mr. Charles Becker duly elected Treas- urer, Pres. Baxter — I believe that closes our list. Mr. Becker — Mr. President and Members: I am very much obliged to you for the honor you have conferred on me again. I always have made it a practice if I got an order for money on one train to get it out on the next train and I shall endeavor to do the same thing; your money is always ready; I never use a cent of it; as soon as I get an order I send a check. Mr. Stone — I would like to say that an order never lies in Mr. Becker's hands very long; he always sends a check immediately. Mr. Moore — Mr. Chairman, as we will probably have some important —6 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE; legislation concerning our interests during the next season, I would like to make a motion that the Executive Committee (the Vice-President and Secretary of most Associations are con- sidered the Executive Committee), with the five Vice-Presidents and Sec- retary of this Association, act as the Legislative Committee, with authority to call on any member of the Associa- tion that they desire to help before the legislature or on any work concerning legislation. Mr. Dadant — I don't believe we want so many; I believe Mr. Moore said he thought we should have the President, the five Vice-Presidents and the Sec- retary; I believe we should put that In the hands of, say, three men. Mr. Stone — The Executive Commit- tee are the President, Secretary and Treasurer, by virtue of their offices. Mr. Dadant — I believe we should have the President, Mr. E. J. Baxter, of Nauvoo, Illinois; Mr. James A. Stone, Secretary, Springfield, and Dr. A. C. Baxter, one of our members at Springfield (for our Legislative Com- mittee). Dr. Baxter is right here in Springfield and knows a great many of the men here; he has lived here a good while; he and Mr. Stone are here all the time. Mr. Stone has taken care of a great many of these little things and it is a burden on him, and Dr. Baxter is willing to serve on this Committee, and I believe he would be a valuable man to' have; he is a man in whom we can have confidence. Mr. Dadant — I make a motion that we name our President, Mr. E. J. Bax- ter; our Secretary, Mr. Stone, and Dr. A. C. Baxter to nrake our Legislative Committee: I don't think we could possibly do better. Mr. Kildow — I second the motion. Mr. Moore — I will withdraw my mo- tion. Pres. Baxter — You have heard the motion that your President, your Sec- retary and Dr. Baxter constitute the Legislative Committee for the ensuing year, with power to appoint others in case they need any assistance; do you accept that? Are you ready for the question? All those in favor say, aye; contrary, no. Motion carried. Pres. Baxter — Now, Ladies and Gen- tlemen, there is another important committee that was spoken of in the address yesterday, that is, a commit- tee to co-operate with cortimittees of other associations — "And still another very important matter that I wish to call your attention to is the necessity of co-operation between the various Public Industrial, Educational and Philanthropic Associations of the state in matters of general interest, and as a means to that end I would recommend this' association mtotgVflhmhmhmhm that this Association name a commit- tee to work in conjunction with com- mittees of other Associations with that object in view." A motion to that effect will be in order. ^ Mr. Moore — I make a moijion that the Legislative Committee be authorized to co-operate with Committees of other Associations in regard -,tp matters per- taining to legislative business. Motion seconded and caj'ried. Pres. Baxter — There is another mat- ter I want to bring to youij- attention, and that is in regard to setting a day for our next annual meeting. We want that day left open as much as possible so that we can co-operate with So- cieties of surrounding states,' forming a circuit, so that we can have speakers of prominence attend one meeting and then the next and so on, that we m.ay get as much valuable information at as little possible expense as can be done, and if you see fit to allow your Executive Committee to' choose, a day we will so arrange matters that we may co-operate in that way. Wfta^ is your pleasure in the 'matter? Mr. , Kildow — I would suggest you leave that to your Committee, ahd at the same time I would suggest that you miss the Odd Fellows' day; to get in the circle is a good idea all right. Mr. Bowen — The Odd Fellows ar'e an av/fully nice lot of people but we do hate to have them crowd us out of bed; we used to take advantage of the Odd Fellows' week because we got re- duced rates; that is a thing of the past; we don't have to tie ourselves down to- Odd Fellows' week. Pres. Baxter — I believe the' sugges- tion is good, and if you leave it to your Executive Committee we'^ill do every- thing in our power to have it at a convenient time. j Motion seconded and c^:lTied. Mr. Stone — The Executive Committee were instructed last year at our meet- ing to set a day and, when we considered everything, they left it to the Secre- ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 83 tary, and I said right then at the meet- ing: "The Secretary will put it the week of th-e Odd Fellows", and it was their fault if they allowed it to be put that way Just as much as the Secre- tary's; and if it is left with him this year he will be in favor of that* again. Our President came with the Odd Fel- lows. Any one who came to the Bee- Keepers' convention on Thursday could find plenty of room; all the hotels were cleaning out and we could get any place we w-anted, and for our meeting we do not want anything any earlier than Thursday, I believe. Dr. Phillips — I might say that at Ames, Iowa, we got together; a few bee-keepers were there from other places; Mr. C. P. Dadant was there from this state, and Prof. Yaeger repre- sented Minnesota, and Mr. Bartholo- mew represented Iowa, and we talked the thing over and decided it would be well for some one present to get the dates of all these meeting days to- gether, so we asked Mr. Frank C. Pel- lett of low^a to get suggestions and consult the different Associations, and plan the dates of meeting, submitting them to the different Societies. I would suggest that you get into communication w'ith Mr. Pellett early so that he will have plenty of time to correspond back and forth and get the circuit complete. I think we can have fxve or six men going around by next year even. Mr. Stone — Would he put the day about this time of the year? Dr. Phillips — He wants suggestions on that score. The Iowa people are a little bit in favor of a later date. Next week is the Wisconsin meeting; a week after that the Minnesota and Michigan Bee-Keepers meet; a week after that, in Missouri; a week after that, in Kansas. Mr. Stone — I move, Mr. President, that it be left with the Executive Com- mittee to correspond with Mr. Pellett. Pres. Baxter — The motion is made that the fixing of the date of the next meeting be left with the Executive Committee, and Mr. Kildow suggested that it be not in Odd Fellows' week. I assure you if you leave it with your Executive Committee they will fix the date and not Mr. Pellett, but they will do so in conjunction with Mr. Pellett, so that it will be satisfactory all round; so far as settling it for Odd Fellows' week, I don't know about that; I was much in favor of it last year, but this year I had difficulty in finding a room; I finally^ found one and paid $2.00 for a $.50 room, and afterwards I found plenty of -rooms. All those in favor of the motion say aye. Mr. Stone — If we fail to have it the w-eek of the Odd Fellows, we w'ill find the Hall in this position: if they go to work and take out the chairs they will not want to put them back. I would suggest that if w^e can get our meeting immediately following the Odd Fellows we do so and we can then probably have this room to hold it in. Mr. Bowen — I would rather that you have it much later; for the last three years I have not been able to attend at this time of the year. Pres. Baxter — All in favor of the motion say aye. Contrary, no. Carried. Mr. Stone — I want to impress on the meeting that at 11:45, fifteen minutes before 12, we are to go to the north front of the State House and have our group picture taken. Pres. Baxter — "^'e have a report we want to hear of our delegate to the National Convention last February, Mr. Moore. Mr. Moore — Mr. Chairman: I have no'c a very extensive report to make because the rnain business of the Con- vention was taken up formulating plans for the re-organization and in- corporation of the National, and in formulating a new Constitution and By-Laws; we worked at that almost the entire time of the Convention. In fact there was not a night w-e were there that we got through before 12 or one o'clock. There was considerable dissatisfac- tion manifested in the early part of the Convention among the delegates and members in regard to the buying of the Review. They were dissatis- fied with the deal that the Directors made with Mr. Tyrrell in getting the Bee-Keepers' Reviews finally a sub- committee was appointed, of which I was Chairman, to discuss the matter fully and make recommencJ&tion to the association in regard to it. We thrashed the matter out one night until after midnight and the next day I made a report, as follows: "We, your Committee on Publicity, recommend that this Convention take action authorizing the Directors to dispose of the Review to the best advantage to the Association." 84 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL, REPORT OF THE I have not a copy of the Constitu- tion and By-Laws as we talked them over at that meeting but I think that most of you saw the last number of the Review and saw the proposed Constitution and By-Laws, also the new amendments. In them you will notice this recommendation that our Committee made, that they dispose of the Review at once, which was not carried, but a motion was made and an amendment made to that motion providing that the Board of Directors arrange for three or four purchasing agents, said agents to be subject to the Board of Directors. Practically all the business we did during the time was the formulation of this Constitution and By-Law^s. There was an attorney present at some of our delegate meetings, a friend of Mr. Frank Pellett, who gave us some very good information in regard to incorporation and the Board of Direc- tors, not the Board of Directors, but the President, Vice-President and Secretary, were authorized to proceed with the work of incorporation by delegate meeting. They have been unable to do this work as the National has no money, as you all probably know; there has been some money derived from the sale of supplies and a small portion of that has been used for the Association; the National Association as a body has no funds. We had no funds to pay a lawyer to draw up incorporation papers or fees or anything of that sort, so nothing can be done with that. As you know the proposed Constitu- tution provides for a membership fee of all belonging to the National of $2.00 a year — $1.00 of which to be used as a subscription for the Bee-Keepers' Review; the other to go into the Na- tional Association for expenses. The National Association as a body has to have funds. Under the old way of running it could not be a suc- cess. If the National is to continue, we have to have a reorganization and the only way to have that is to adopt a new Constitution and By-Laws, and become incorporated under some state, then we will be in shape to do busi- ness as a lawful body. As it is now, you take the buying of the Review, three Directors at the time they took this Review over from Mr. Tyrrell signed this contract, and really those three Directors are re- sponsible at the present time for the debt of the Review; but of: course the National Association stands back of it, as a matter of public policy as much as anything. The Association is not directly re- sponsible for the Review debt, but in a moral way we have to stdnd back of those Directors. I do not admire the work of the three Directors we have put in nor of our Secretary, and I do not think he is doing right in regard to our Association, to comment upon; one is, we found the conditions of the National in a deplorable state. They have no money, and furthermore the Constitution and the By-Laws were conceived and adopted as a one man rule for certain specific purposes, in my judgment. That is a pretty strong statement and I am ready to stand back of it. Mr. Tyrrell did not do the fair thing by this Association and those three Directors who voted for the pur- chase of the Review did Something that they were not authorized to do, and, as we have not objected to it, therefore we stand responsible for it. There has been a debt created that every mem- ber of the National is responsible for, and whoever holds that debt can not only begin suit against the officers but he can begin suit against any one in- dividual member of the Association that he sees fit to and may get a judgment against them. A number of the members present saw it in this light; one was Mr. Hole- kamp of St. Louis, who absolutely re- fused to continue a member of the As- sociation unless they disposed of the Review and the buying of supplies. Dr. Bohrer of Kansas wag another one — and Dr. Gates, when he was elected President, said he would not take the Presidency if it continued un- der the conditions then existing. Now, then, what are you going to do about it? It is going from bad to worse. We went to work and authorized the incorporation of the Association and we formulated a Constitution under which it should be governed and we authorized a committee to go to work and incorporate it but we did not pro- vide the funds; we had no funds and therefore it has not been done, and it has been going on just as it has here- tofore and it probably is. increasing. ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 85 We could not get any definite state- ment from, the Officers. Mr. Stone — Secretary Williams was ill in bed for a long time; you must make allowance for that. Mr. Moore — A number of those points will have to come up before the dele- gates' meeting in Denver. I think the only thing we can do at this time is to discuss the situation and instruct our delegate, so as to make the National a success. We cannot do without a National Bee-Keepers' Association and the only thing is to get it on a basis so that it will do the most good to the greatest number of people. A lot of us are objecting and say we get nothing out of the National As- sociation. I admit, under the way it has been run for the last few years, bee-keepers as a body have not gotten much out of it — but it is up to us to change it, and we should stay with it and work to the end of making it a success; we should improve the conditions of the National Association and it can be a power of good to all members. Mr. Kildow — It seems to me that the most vital thing is this: What good are we getting out of it? What good is it to us? You say you are getting up a new Constitution; if that is no better than the old one, you had bet- ter not get it up; you had better not get up. any more Constitutions; we have not gotten anything out of the old one for two years. Mr. Moore— Did you read the new Constitution in the Review? Mr. Kildow — No. I got down on it, so I do not read it. Pres. Baxter — The question — What we are to get out of the National as re- organized — will come up this afternoon. I was present at the meeting of the National Association, and Mr. Moore has given the substance of what oc- curred but there are some things that I want. We know that Mr. Townsend has been selling supplies. He admitted that he had made a certain amount of money approximately — I think something like $700, but he has not accounted for a cent of it, and we don't know where the money went to; the Treasurer has never received it — and there are lots of other things going on that we know nothing about at all. This afternoon this subject will be discussed and we want you to consider it thoroughly so that we will know where we are at. Mr. Stone — Mr. President, I want to say in answer to what Mr. Kildow said, not considering what the President has said as to the condition of the National: As to the Review I would be willing to give a dollar for just that page that advertises honey for sale, and I have not advertised any honey for sale either, but if I want to buy some honey in a year like this I know just where to go for the particular kind of honey I want to buy. Mr. Kildow — We got that same thing from neighbor France and it didn't cost us one cent, either. Mr. Stone — But we are not entitled to it unless we are members of the National. ■ Pres. Baxter — This will come up this afternoon under special subjects. Mr. Moore — It is now ten minutes of 12; I move we adjourn for dinner, to meet at one o'clock sharp. Motion seconded and carried. Meet- ing adjourned until one o'clock. AFTERNOON SESSION. November 20, 1914. Meeting convened at 1:30 o'clock. President Baxter in the Chair. Pres. Baxter — Has the Committee on Resolutions anything to offer? Mr. Bowen — We have nothing as jet. Pres. Baxter — Ladies and Grentlemen, Members of the Illinois State Associa- tion: We will take up for the pres- ent the suggestion in regard to summer field meets; it was suggested that we hold from three to six meets during the next summer in different parts of the state, including the one which is al- ready partially prepared for, at Hamil- ton. These field meets are of great im- portance. We can get more bee-keep- ers probably together from different localities than we can get together in any other way and we can do good and efficient work. By having a meet at some apiary we can do administrative work and discuss almost any subject we want, and I think these meetings are of great importance. I recommend from three to six of them including the meet at Hamilton. Mr. Kildow — There are two that are already being held, one at St. Anne's, which is rather a permanent one, and last summer when we had a meeting at Rockford it was arranged for an an- 86 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL, REPORT OF THE nual g-athering- there, so those two need hardly be looked after, but in parts of the state we need some field meets. These field meets are as essential as these meetings. We do more business here, but there, the bee-keepers get to- gether and discuss topics and get ideas, and I know from experience I have had that they are very good, and are some- thing we ought to have. I was not able to get to any more this fall. I think the idea of having a committee look after these things, and confer with parties in different locali- ties, will be of great help. Pres. Baxter — Has any one else any- thing to offer? Some of you who were here last fall will remember that Mr. Duby was verj- anxious to have the Illinois State Association take up the question of holding field meets and send one or two men to help them along- at St. Anne and different places where we might decide to hold them. If we decide to have these field meets, they will be very glad to have our assistance and help conduct the meetings for them. If we decide to have three or four meets we can include these two as weil as others for which we can make pro- vision. If you see fit to do so and desire these meets it would be well to make a mo- tion authorizing the Executive Com- mittee to have as many as you see fit, or give to them the privilege of using their discretion as you see fit, and the meets will be provided for and plans made to carry them out. Mr. Coppin — How is it about those meets? Does it cost the Association anything? Mr. Baxter — It has not so far, but if this Association takes hold of it it will cost them something. Somebody has to take charge of these meets. T.ou will have to designate one man, either your President or Vice-President or somebody to look after these meetings. In Iowa last year they were conducted by Mr. Pellett, President of the Asso- ciation. I think they had seven or eight of them. I attended two of them and found it very profitable; they have a pretty good attendance, all of them, and I think they do a good deal of good. Don't you think so, Mr. Moore? Mr. Moore — They are a very fine thing. Pres. Baxter — In my recommenda- tions, I recommended that you have one man take charge of these field meets; I named the President; I didn't know I was to be the'coming President. I provided that he receive no pay what- soever except actual expenses. Mr. Kildow — I think whoever was at the St. Anne Conventions would say that, next to this meeting, they had the largest attendance and interest. We have a thousand dollars to spend for the education of the bee-:keepers and for promoting- the cause, Why not spend it in some field meets, in that way? In this way we can work up successful field meets; we will get more members and create more of an inter- est and it will be a help to us in this state meeting. Mr. Hoyne — I am one who went to St. Anne; I went there before your last year's meeting; they had Qiuite a meet- ing there, but no leader, but they went out to the apiary, and there is where I learned about foul brood, first. We had an example there in the hive. We marched out to the apiary everywhere they met and we profited by doing this very greatly. I think we had such a meeting probably as you have here, just about such a meeting- in number. Mr. Kildow — The St. Anne meeting was larger than any I ever saw, here; there were about 75 there this year. Pres. Baxter — Do you want to take any action in the matter? Mr. Moore — I make a motion that the Executive Committee, — that the President — arrange for a series of five field meets during the coming season, incluKiing the one at Hamilton. As I was appointed at Mt. Pleasant to handle the Illinois end of it I will transfer it over to the President, so that he can go on and look after that along with the rest. A member — I second the motion. Pres. Baxter — I would rather it would be left with the Executive Committee and, if you wish j'our President to man- age them, that will be all rig^ht. Mr. Moore — I think it would' be bet- ter; it takes too much time to write back and forth with other members of the Executive Committee; I think the President can keep in touch with the Foul Brood Inspector and arrange what is best. In case there is one in my neighborhood I can go and help, and any one else can do this. Mr. Stone — Mr. President, would it not be well to place the number at two to start with, and not; five? ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 87 Mr. Kildow — There are three al- ready, now. Mr. Werner — Mr. President, I would like to see one as near to Springfield as possible because I am so far south there is no one interested down there but myself, and if we could get a good meeting, at Mr. Stone's place this sum- mer, I would have a chance to' meet. Pres. Baxter — You have heard the motion— What is your further pleas- ure? Are you ready for the question? All those in favor of the motion, sigrnify it by saying aye — Motion carried. Pres. Baxter — If you want your President to take charge of these meetings he is willing to do so with- out any compensation; how about his expenses attending these meetings, is that understood? Mr. Moore — That is understood to be a part of the Association expense; and when he calls on any one their expenses are to be paid out of the As- sociation fund. Pres. Baxter — We will listen to Mr. Gates' paper on: "Interests and Workings of the National Associa- tion." See Dr. Gates' picture as President of National — back part of book. INTERESTS AND WORKINGS OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION. (Dr. Burton N. Gates, President National Bee-Keepers' Association, Amherst, Mass.) Dr. Gates — I have no paper. Will you please give me some information as to what you desire? As I have just said — I have no remorks or com- ments to make unless you have ques- tions to ask me. Just what is it you would like? I am a Yankee in that respect. Pres. Baxter — We would like to know how the Association has been going on in the past year or two. Dr. Gates — I think you know as well as I do. Pres. Baxter — We would like to know how the Association is run, what benefit the National is to the State Associations. Dr. Gates — I always figure that a man gets benefit out of any Associa- tion he joins only in so far as he puts himself into that Association. Mr. Stone — I would like to ask Mr. Gates if any individual member of the National is responsible for any part of the indebtedness of the National. Dr. Gates — Not being a lawyer, I cannot answer that question. Mr. Moore — Mr. Chairman: In re- gard to that question you will find the National Association has no standing in law. They are not incorporated; if we were incorporated under the law, then they could come on to the Association as a body or individually foi debts, but under the present stand- ing there is nobody responsible for the debts of the Association except those that contracted that debt. The debt against the Review is only one that can be held against those Directors who made the deal. They cannot hold anybody else for it except those Directors. Pres. Baxter — What other questions do you wish to ask, Mr. Gates? Dr. Gates — I am perfectly willing to say, Mr. President, I don't care to ag- gravate a discussion here. It cannot end in any great profit for the Na- tional, and moreover I cannot see that it will materially benefit you, but if theer are specific questions coming to mind I will try to explain the situa- tion. Remarks in full explanation of the St. Louis meeting were made this morning and you are all acquainted with that. Mr. Moore — Mr. Chairman, as I took quite an active part in the St. Louis meeting, I can perhaps give a little light on the subject. The National has no money. You all know, or, if you have read the Constitution and By- Laws that it is proposed to be adopted by the National, you will see that it is provided there for member- ship fee. If we stay with the Na- tional as an afl!iliated body and elect a delegate to the Denver meeting and this Constitution and By-Laws are adopted, there will be some fees com- ing in that can be used for the pur- pose of incorporation; and this will give us a legal status; the National will be a legal body, and the only way that can be done is for us to stay with it. Mr. Kildow— I understand there is a resolution for the Directors to sell this Review. Mr. Moore — The Committee on Pub- licity, of which I was Chairman, re- ported that it would be for the best interests to dispose of the Review at 88 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE once. In the proposed Constitution there was a motion made that the National be organized as a co-opera- tive and educational institution with power to proceed with the handling of supplies and publishing of the Review, with an amendment that at any time the Board of Directors see fit for the best interests of the Association they could dispense with the Review or handling of supplies, or both. It was the consensus of opinion of the dele- gates of the St. Louis Convention that it was a bad business policy. We should not have done it; it put a heavy debt on the Association. Mr. Townsend put up such an ear- nest plea to retain the Review, and seemed to have such confidence that it would pay, the delegates gave him that chance. Mr. Kildow — It appears that, up to the present time, all the benefit we got out of the Association was through the Review, buying supplies, keeping us posted and such things. If this Review is disposed of, what will we have left that is of benefit to us? There is a suggestion that we put in $2. Mr. Moore — $1.00 of which will be for subscription to the Review. The limit of that contract has expired; we have to pay for that Review; it belongs to the National. As long as there is a National we can keep the Review. As far as I am personally concerned I think the National should maintain an official organ; the Review is our official organ; it may be kept up in a manner that is less espensive than it ia today, so that it will pay and give us all the valuable information we need. That is a matter for the delegates at their meeting to regulate. We took occasion at St. Louis to suggest things in regard to matters of publication that would make the expense of the Revietv less. If the National, with an extra dollar for the subscription for the Re- view and a $1.00 fee to the National to keep them in funds, are given this amount of $2.00, Mr. Townsend seems to think in the course of time — through the sale of supplies and so on — the Re- view will pay out, and if we can once get out of debt, by economy in manage- ment and publication especially, I think it will not cost the Association any money; there will be enough in the subscription and advertising to pay ex- penses of publishing the Review and it will give the Association the bene- fit of an official organ. Mr. Kildow — It seems to be very in- definite about the money derived from the selling of the supplies; according to your own say you have no report from Mr. Townsend and- you cannot get a report. Dr. Gates — I would say in that con- nection, in my recommendations to the delegates at the last meeting at Sb.^ Louis, my recollection i^. that J recom- mended that the Treasurer be vested with full authority to control all funds pertaining to the National. That rec- ommendation did not meet with action at the Convention. Thee situation is this: Mr. Townsend handles all the money concerning the 'Review and trade and supply vouchers are' sent through and O. K.'d at the office, but at the same time transactions are car- ried on apart from the Treasurer. ,Such conditions ought not to prevail, as any , business concern would advise; conse- quently we are frank to admit that we do not know the profit or loss concern- ing supplies. That is a mere detail in the management of the organization that bothers us less than some of the far larger problems ; we have confidence in Mr. Townsend's integrity; that is a mere detail in the administration; when we get officers who work together and keep in touch with each other and each knows what the other is doing, we can easily manage the matter of transfer- ence of money. Pres. Baxter — Right there — they do not seem to want to do so. I will ask you. Have the officers in- the past been in that condition? Dr» Gates — In a measure they have; it is difficult on account of the wide scope and extent of the country. Pres. Baxter — Is it not a fact that the officers have utterly refused to do what they were ordered to do at the St. Louis Convention last fall? Dr. Gates — In some instances. Pres. Baxter — Is it not a fact that the committee to whom the publication of the Review was referred advised that the sale of the Review take \place at once and their report was not^adopted — Dr. Gates — Not in that form. Pres. Baxter — Was that not the sub- stance of it? Dr. Gates — As Mr. Moore has already explained: the committee recoihmendcd that the Review should be disposed ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 89 of, provided it waa found advisable by the Directors. Mr. Baxter — That was done by the delegates afterwards; it was not the report of the committee. Dr. Gates — I understand j-ou now. The report of the committee was simply accepted and placed on file. You need not have any fear in re- gard to the settlement of the Review; it will either stay or go; there will be action sure as the world. Pres. Baxter — In what way? Dr. Gates — I cannot prophesy; I can- not say you must sell the Review; it is for the Directors to say; you have elected your Directors; it will be dis- cussed and action will be taken. Pres. Baxter — It will be done pro- vided you send delegates to the Con- vention next February who will oust those three Directors and put in three others; if not it will go on as it has, from bad to worse. I will say further, and I know what I am talking about, too, that this is a voluntary association, it is not incorporated; it is like a part- nership, therefore every man is liable personally for all the debts of the cor- poration, and whoever holds a bill against this Society can pick on to any one member of the Association and bring suit against him for the whole amount if he wants to do go, and living in different states this would take place in the United States Court, and we don't know what is going to take place. They have not given us a definite state- ment — no books or an^'thing to show what we are in debt for; nothing to show what we have received; we are totally at sea as to profit and loss or expenses and receipts, and our Treas- urer last year received practically noth- ing. I don't know how it is the present year, but Mr. Dadant who was Presi- dent the previous year had nothing in his hands; no money was turned over to him; the books were not even audited; there is nothing to show just where we are at, and the longer it goes on the worse off we will be. I contend that the National as it has been organized and administered is en- tirely wrong. I have no reflection on Brother Gates; I think he ig one of the best officers I have ever seen; it is the Directors I am blaming. The National Bee-Keepers' Association was organ- ized for the aggrandizement of a one man power and without any view of helping the fraternity at large; that having failed, then we were left at sea. We arrived at St. Louis without a Secretary, last February, and we didn't know where we were at at all, and there was nothing to show how we stood. Heretofore we had a good associa- tion. We were doing some good. Can you show me one iota of good that has been accomplished for the • benefit of the bee-keepers at large since this Association has been re- organized? Can any one show me anything at all that has been accomplished? I would like to know what it is. We went to work and got up a Constitution for the new organization, and we authorized * the incorporation of this organization. As I said before it was not done because, as Dr. Gates has told us, we had no money to do it with, . but now what has taken place? This Constitution (I don't know that there are any By-Laws) has been presented to us here for ratification or rejection or amendment. Who authorized them to do it? Not the delegates, by any, means. They were never gotten up for the old As- sociation; they were gotten up for the new Association entirely, and, the new Association having failed, I don't see why they are brought up here. We have nothing to do with them at all. Dr. Phillips — I do not care to enter into any controversy over what the National has or has not done, but I want to say a word or two that may throw some light on the situation. I have attended ten Executive meet- ings of the National Bee-Keepers' As- sociation. I do not know whether I shall attend ten more in succession or not. I can say this, however, that a large part of the time of each of the last ten meetings has been devoted to the writing of Constitutions. I do not really know whether the Constitution has ever done anybody any good or not, but I am certainly positive that the wasting of that time, writing Constitutions at the Conventions, has not profited any one. As we now have the National Con- stitution it is -a delegate body but most of the delegates went there last year uninstructed by their Associations and were not able to state what the mem- bers of the National as a whole de- sired. 90 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL, REPORT OF THE " I had the privilege of representing the Pennsylvania Association of whicn I have been a member for a number of years, and I know the Pennsylvania Association gave me no instructions whatsoever, and I think that was the case with all of the Associations, practically. Now I would suggest that you for- mulate a very brief set of resolutions and instructions for your delegate, telling him exactly what the members of the Illinois State Bee-Keepers' As- sociation think about the future plans of the National. Instruct him to vote to support these things which you have passed in your resolutions, and to oppose those things to which you are opposed, and, if you and the other Associations will do that, it will save a great deal of the talk which we wasted at St. Louis last year. Also, if you care to do so, you can instruct him definitely for whom or against whom to vote for the various offices which will be filled by the elec- tion of delegate vote at the next meet- ing in Denver next February, and if he has definite instructions he will go there and speak for you. However, if you send him there uninstructed and things do not go as you think they ought to go, the delegate is not to blame. I hope sincerely, at the Denver meet- ing, there will be no time wasted on Constitutions. I think the National Bee-Keepers' Association have had every conceiv- able Constitution anybody ever has had, and why they should have wasted time and made so many mistakes in writing their Constitution, and have not devoted their time to the bee- keeping industry, is a thing I do not understand. Some one should outline for the Na- tional Bee-Keepers' Association some kind of policy. As far as I ever have been able to find out there is no policy for the National Bee-Keepers' As- sociation. There was originally, in the original organization, a definite policy. It was organized by Mr. New- man and some others for the purpose of protecting bee-keepers in their legal rights. It has been since found that those things are not so urgent as they were at one time. It is not necessary to maintain a National organization for that purpose. Having lost that nolicy, the National has assumed no policy up to the pres- ent time. They do not need a new Constitution or a lot of new officers, but they do neeu a definite policy for the conducting of their work in the future. That is the way I look at it, and I hope it will be possible for you to tell your delegate, who represents this Association, what you think the policy of the National ought to be, and instruct him to fight for a definite policy, whether they get a new Con- stitution or not. ' Mr. Kildow — Just one word: Under existing conditions of the state or- ganizations in almost all the states now — do we really need a National or- ganization ? Pres. Baxter — Not the way it is con- ducted and organized. Dr. Phillips, it is very well to in- struct your servant what to do, but, before you can instruct the servant as to what he should do, you have got to have the run of your business and know what he ought to do. Has any state Association had any opportunity of getting the run of the National Association since its re-or- ganization? Has there been any publication of its works, of its finances, receipts and disbursements and all such things as that, so that they could enlighten themselves so as to give definite in- structions to their delegates. If there has been I have failed to see it, and that is one reason why our delegate went uninstructed. ' As to policy — you know very well I was appointed Chairman of a Com- mittee on Policy and Scope of the Na- tional last February, and I brought in a policy. What was the result? It conflicted with the interests of cer- tain delegates, certain Trustees or Directors, and they voted down the Committee on Policy. Dr. Phillips — And left the National without a policy. Pres. Baxter — Because they didn't want a policy. Dr. Phillips — They ought to have one. Pres. Baxter — Now, then, in view of what has taken place within the past two years in the National, and the way the Directors have conducted things — are you ready to join them again another year, pay yoiir money over and let things go on the way they are going — or would it jnot be better to save that money, use it here at home, and get some bpnefit from it ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 91 and let the National take care of it- self? No matter what way you do — the National as it is now organized is bound to die. You may prolong its life a few years; maybe only a year, but the National cannot exist the way it is being conducted. Now, then, I believe if you are not ready to vote one way or the other, it might be well to leave it to your Ex- ecutive Committee to ponder over the question seriously; get all the informa- tion they can and decide whether they want to send a delegate to the meet- ing next February or not. It is going to cost some money to send one there, and if you are going to get some benefit from it send one, but, if you are not, why spend the money? These Directors were instructed to do some specific things the past year; they have not done them. If you in- struct them again to do certain things, ar they very likely to have any at- tention paid to these instructions by the Convention any more than they have in the past? Dr. Gates — Get a change of Direc- tors, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Moore — I will say right here: There are three Directors to be elected at this Denver meeting, and I think that the chances are that we will probably get Directors in there who will change the policy as elected by the delegates. There will be Directors elected who will have different ideas of things than some of those that are at present Directors. You spoke about a Committee on the Policy and Scope of the National — Pres; Baxter — That recommendation was the selling of the Reviews the stopping of the selling of supplies. Mr. Moore — Committee on Publicity recommended the sale of the Review to the best advantage of the Associa- tion. This Committee or rather recom- mendation of the Committee gave un- til January 15th; then we took up the matter of Constitution. Now that took effect over all these Committees' reports. These Com- mittees' Reports were laid on the table and no action taken on them. They were finally discharged and no action taken on the reports.. This Constitution as it stands here was to be the policy of the Associa- tion. Pres. Baxter — I voted as hard as I could to get rid of that Review and stop buying and selling supplies and they defeated me at every turn, and even after we went into executive ses- sion they declared we would get up a new Constitution and not amend the old one, and Mr. Moore has read here a part of the new Constitution as proposed. You see a:t every point the delegates had voted that the policy of those they represented was to dispose of the Re- view and discontinue the purchase of supplies but they would not consent to this because the Directors wanted to continue in the same old tracks. If you leave it to the Directors are you going to be in any better position? Did we not try to defeat Mr. Bucha- nan as Director as he was one of the Directors that voted to buy the Review. We took a dozen votes but did not he triumph in the end? There were delegates at that Con- vention who did not know what they were voting for, or else they were In league to do certain things. I saw just as soon as Tvgot down there and noticed how things were go- ing, right away, that everything had been cut and dried beforehand, and it was carried out to the letter right along, and I believe Mr. Gates will bear me out in this. Mr. Bowen — I don't see how you can gain anjthing by arguing. Supposing we send delegates to the National Convention, and after know- ing the sense of this meeting they can- not carry out the wishes of the Illinois State Convention? They can do the best they know, and we will simply have to take our medicine. Dr. Gates said he was not a lawyer and could not answer a legal question. I tinderstand he is a Doctor, possibly he will find a remedy. Our representative hag not beett elected yet. Pres. Baxter — Do you want a repre- sentative ? Mr. Bowen — Certainly we want a rep- resentative. We want a representative to go up there and, if the National is not what it ought to be, we want him to go there and make it what it ought to be. We should have some center throug?i which all Associations can act, and I do not see that we can get it any bet- 92 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ter than through the National properly carried out. We want to send the intelligence and brains up there to bring the National up to what it ought to be. Mr. Stone — I would like to add here: If we have a National Association with- out the Review we have not anything. I am in favor of sending a delegate there who has the interest of this meet- ing at heart and one who will stand firm. I would not vote to send our President there because I do not stand on his side. Mr. Kildow — To get this before the House: I move that this Convention discontinue our affiliation with the National. A member — I second the motion. Pres. Baxter — Any remarks on the subject? Mr. Moore — I wish to state that, while I cannot say I have had any per- sonal benefit from the National, I be- lieve that we should stay with it, and, if there is any prospect of doing any- thing, the only way we can get that is to stay with it and work out that bene- fit; change the policy of the National so that we will get benefit from it. I think by all means that we should be affiliated with the National Association. Mr. Stone — Mr. President: Members who have affiliated with the National in sending in their dues have some of them even gone so far as to send more than their dues were and have stated: "I want the balance to go to pay the debt of the National." There are some people who have their hearts in it. One man sent $1.50. He said: "If that pays the dues in the state, that satisfies me", but he said: "I don't want the Review. You can send me back my check if I have to take the Review." But that is only one man. We have many more in favor of the Review. That is the only man who ever com- plained about the Review, and, so far ag I am concerned, I am for the Na- tional. I don't see that we have anything to affiliate with. We are just a state Association without any connection or anything, and without the Review I do not see any use for the National. Mr. Coppin— In regard to being in favor of the National and the paying in of money: I expect a good many of the members thought they were obli- gated to pay their $1.50 the same as they had done, not knowing the condi- tion of things, as to just how they stood, whether we wanted the National or not. I did not know just how things stood; I paid my $1.50; I thought we had to pay $1.50, and I expect a good many others probably were in the same fix. Mr. Stone — I will say another word that Mr. Coppin has put me in mind of. I will say to this Association: It is far better for the Secretary to have to pay each of these members back their $.50, because, if I keep the $1.50, I send $1.00 to the National; if you take back your $.50 I get $1.00; I am not speaking for the interest of our Asso- ciation but only as connected with the National. Mr. Kildow — It seems queer that "vve have to pay $1.00 for the Review and our report costs us over $1.00 to get it; we are 54 cents in debt every time we join here. Mr. Stone — It doesn't cost us any- thing. Pres. Baxter — Ladies and Gentlemen, members of this Association: I have thought over this question very seri- ously for a long period of time. I am at a loss to say what is for the best. I don't know. I have feilt at times that I wanted to get out of it and have nothing more to do with it, and then again I would like to see the National go on. I think it can be conducted along lines of great benefit to bee- keepers in all parts of the United States — so there is the way I stand. I wonld recommend that we try it another year; elect your; delegate; have him go to the Convention of the National at Denver and see if you can remedy things, and, if we fail this year, I will certainly advocate next year at this time the discontinuance of our affiliation and drop it entirely until we can organize a new Associa- tion. J ^ Is there anything further? If you have nothing further to say, there is a motion before us that we discon- tinue our affiliation with the National Association. Mr. Secretary will call the roll. Mr. Bowen — That will not be neces- sary unless a division is called for. Mr. Stone — A rising vote, counting all members, would be as well. Pres. Baxter — I want every member to settle for himself this question. I want his name in black and white, as ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 9S to whether he is in favor of affiliation or discontinuation. Mr. Kelley — I want to say if you lay off a year or withdraw for a year there is nothing to stop you going in again providing these Directors get removed or everything is all right. Pres. Baxter — Yes, it would be better to go in and help them to rectify things if you are going to continue. The motion is that we discontinue our affiliation with the National. The mo- tion is a positive motion. A member — Change the motion — That we continue affiliation with the National for another year. Mr. Dadant— I want to say that if we had a man like Mr. N. E. France in today I would not for a moment think of leaving the National; I don't think we can place much confidence in an organization that was conceived by Mr. Tyrrell. Mr. Gates — To discontinue affiliation with the National would detract from the membership of your Association; this question may be worth your con- sideration. Pres. Baxter — Are there any mem- bers who did not understand the situ- ation and want to change their vote? Mr. Dadant — I believe, if we would stay together and give instructions to our delegate that they eliminate the bad features and some of the officers, that it would be well. Mr. Gates — Can any one say this Association has not received some benefit? Pres. Baxter — I do say that we tried hard to replace this one Di- rector; we may fail at the next meet- ing but let us try. Mr. Stone reads the names of mem- bers and vote is taken. Pres. Baxter — You will come to order, please, and we will hear the report of our Secretary on the vote. Mr. Stone — As the vote of this As- sociation stands, this Association votes to affiliate with the National. Dr. Phillips — As it stands now we are to send a delegate to the National Convention. I hope you will select one who has the fortitude to stand by the sentiment of the Association. I am obliged to go. Pres. Baxter — We are going to do that right away, now. The matter is with you now that you have decided to remain affiliated with the National another year; the next thing in order is your choice of delegate to send to the Convention next February. Mr. Kildow — Mr. President, as we are to have a delegate — I move you that our President be that delegate and that he go instructed to do the bidding of this Association with, such instructions as they see fit to give. Pres. Baxter — Ladies and Gentlemen, I have not been talking to be delegate; that is not my purpose at all. I have been saying just what I felt, what I say, what I believe to be true; but I would rather you would name some one else as delegate. Mr. Kildow — I named you because I think you are the best posted of any one here on these things. Pres. Baxter — Are there any other nominations for this office? If not I will declare the nominations closed. Mr. Moore — I move that the Chair- man be instructed to cast the vote of this Association for Mr. Baxter to serve as our delegate to the National Convention at Denver next February. Motion was seconded and carried and vote so cast. Pres. Baxter — Ladies and Gentlemen, I thank you for the honor conferred on me and I assure you that I am going to do whatever you instruct me to do primarily and outside of that I shall do that which I think is for the best interest of this Association and for the welfare of the National. My primary object will be to carry out your in- structions but, if any question arises that is not included in those instruc- tions, I will have to use my own judg- ment and I will do what I think is en- tirely in the interest of this Associa- tion, and for the best interest of the National. Mr. Kildow — I believe that the Presi- dent has heard what we have here threshed over and has a good idea of what this Convention wants and if he uses his judgment he will do the wish of this Association; he has the sense of this Convention and can act ac- cordingly. Pres. Baxter — I would rather have some specific instructions. In my recommendations in my address I said: There is one subject I want to bring to your attention which should in- terest every bee-keeper in Illinois and which should receive his best thought and undivided attention — That is — 94 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE "Co-operation among bee-keepers — its aim and scope, and how best can it be accomplished. Should the National Association be reorganized to take up this work, and, if so, to what extent should this co-operation be taken up? Or should the matter of co-operation be limited to the state organization exclusively?" I would like to have you give me positive instructions along that . line. Do j'ou want to continue the publica- tion of the Review, and do you want the National to continue the handling of supplies as has been done in the past two years? A motion to that effect will be entertained. Mr. Moore — Mr. Chairman, I will state my position on that question. If we continue the National Associa- tion, we have to have an official organ. The Review as it is handled today is too expensive a proposition; we dis- cussed that matter at the St. Louis Convention and it was supposed there would be some means to bring the expense of the Review down so that it would pay the expenses of the publi- cation or nearly so instead of running behind, and I think that, if the Na- tional Association continues, it should continue to publish the Review but it should be placed in a position so that it will pay out. As far as the sale of supplies is con- cerned there must be a good many bee- keepers that the sale of supplies by the National has saved money. As long as the National is willing to buy supplies, I see no harm in continuing the sale of supplies. I will move that the Association con- tinue the publishing of the Review as an official organ and also the sale of supplies, and that the delegate be in- structed to that effect. A member — I second the motion. Mr. Kildow— If it is to be left that the National continue the way they are now doing, I should say, No. Mr. Stone — The motion does not de- fine what the method shall be — only that it pay for itself. Mr. Phillips — Mr. Chairman, the pro- posed Constitution as it is published in the November Review makes it possible to publish an official organ and to sell supplies but it does not make it obliga- tory, and if this Constitution goes into affect they can still sell the Review if they want to or they can publish it; and they can sell supplies or discon- tinue selling supplies. As I understand the discussion at St. Louis it was not expected the Review would be continued or the sale of sup- plies but if it was desirable they would have the power under that Constitu- tion. The adoption of the Constitution does not necessarily compel the National to continue its present policy; that is the rock upon which the whole thing has been almost wrecked. Pres. Baxter — I don't suppose this Society here today wilL ratify or reject that now proposed Constitution be- cause it has not been legallj- presented. Whatever is done at the National Ctihi- vention will have to be done through the delegates of the different Associa- tions represented there. Am I not right. Dr. Phillips, in this position? Dr. Phillips — I thinkj -Mr. Chairman, you are, in general. Any one member of the National would have a right to present the Constitution for /considera- tion to be acted upon or npt, as was seen fit; and the action of* publishing the Review might be a re;Commendation of any one — presented for action. Pres. Baxter — I have not studied the Constitution enough to know if that position is correct. ' ' Are you ready for the question? Mr. Stone — I am in favor of voting this down and letting the delegate go uninstructed, or have the motion with- drawn. Pres. Baxter — All those in favor of continuing the publishing of the Re- view and the buying of supplies, sig- nify it by saying aye; contrary, no. AH those in favor of instructing your delegate to work for the continuation of the publishing of the Review and buy- ing supplies — Rise. Mr. Kelley — I want to amend that by having "Buying of Supplies'' stricken out. Mr. Moore — Mr. Chairman: This delegate body that is to meet in Denver will have under consideration the adop- tion of this new Constitution; what we are instructing our delegate is in re- gard to the aim and purpose of the National Association — whether we want the new proposed Constitution as amended, whether we want to continue the publishing of the Review — Well, now, what we are instructing our delegate on is in regard to that one part right there, as to whether the Na- ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 95 tional shall continue this policy, that is, adopt this Constitution with that amendment- right there; and my posi- tion is that they should, because if at any time in the future it becomes nec- essary or best that the Review be dis- continued or the sale of supplies be dis- continued, it can be so voted on by delegate body at any time and the whole matter stopped. Pres. Baxter — On the other hand, Mr. Moore, if you stop it now and the time comes when you want to engage in the publication of an oflicial organ or the buying of supplies, you can al- ways make an amendment to do so. Dr. Gates-^Mr. Chairman: I will bring a matter up for consideration which I had not intended to mention, namely, that it is proposed that the Review be disposed of by the Associa- tion to the extent of its being passed on to a lower body, a subsidiary or- ganization who shall be the owners of the Review and who shall run it for the National; I was not going to bring this up but perhaps it explains some seeming inactivity; that is one thing that is more than likely to happen. Pres. Baxter — That being the case, my friends, would it not be better, then, to let your delegate go unin- structed so as to meet the contin- gencies as they come up? Mr. Moore — With the consent of the second I will withdraw that motion. L think that our delegate knows the consensus of opinion well enough; he is pretty thoroughly instructed as it is. Mr. Kelley — The question has been moved and seconded; it cannot be withdrawn; it must be voted on. Pres. Baxter — Roberts in his Rules of Order says that, after a motion has been made and seconded, with the consent of the second it can be with- drawn before it has been put to the House; it has not been put, so accord- ing to Cushing and Roberts' Rules of Order it can be done. Pres. Baxter — I will rule that the motion can be withdrawn; (to the secord) — Do you consent to its being withdrawn? A member — Yes. Pres. Baxter — The motion has been withdrawn. What is your further pleasure? Mr. Stone — Mr. President, I would like to ask if there are more than three essays to be read. Pres. Baxter — That will be the next thing in order; we will hear the essays now. Mr. Stone — Mr. President: The members are to be the judges; there are the first, second, third, fourth and fifth premiums. $5.00, $4.00, $3.00, $2.00, $1.00 for the best five; every one to vote on the essays without any discussion of the papers as read; if there is any discussion on the papers it will be after the vote is taken. INCREASE OF THE APIARY. Louis Werner, Edwardsville, 111. In the year of 1913 on the 25th of March I was visited by a flood which destroyed sixty-five colonies of bees out of 70 hives, and all were lost. This left me five colonies in this yard. I had three in the country; I got them home — which left me eight to start with. Now how to make an increase was a puzzle-;-without buying bees. I came to the conclusion that I had all to gain and nothing to lose. I overhauled the entire eight colo- nies to see that they were all in first class condition. I began stimulative feeding — one pint of syrup of two to one, every other daj' for about thirty days until I had seven frames of sealed brood in the eight frame hive and eight or nine in the ten frame hive, and then I sent for eight queens; just as soon as they came I divided — I took a four frame from the eight frame hive and five from the ten frame and run a good laying queen in the hive which was queenless; I filled out with full sheets of founda- tion and fed just as at first, one pint every other day until I had all colonies equal in strength as before, and sent for 16 good queens and I did the same as before. The first division was made about the 10th of May; that made me 16 colonies; and the second, about the 15th of June, or the 20th; that made me 32 colonies. From now on I made the increase by drawing on the colonies. Now I be- gan to take one frame of sealed brood and bees from each colony; replaced with full frame of brood. Frow now on until July the 10th I made five colonies every " 10 days until I had 45 colonies; by the 10th of August I got a natural swarm; then the fall bloom began to show some nectar to come in. Up to date I had 47 colonies strong and some working 96 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL, REPORT OF THfe in super and by the 18th of August I got three more natural swarms. Now the fall flow was the best I have had for years. It was heartsease, Spanish needle, boneset, goldenrod and asters which the bees gathered — all told 500 lbs. of honey, 300 of which was in comb and 200 extracted, in 1913. I went into winter quarters with 50 colonies, strong, healthy colonies, and came out in the spring with 50 colo- nies, in 1914, and sold 17 colonies in May. Increased again to 53, and pro- duced 700 lbs. of honey, 400 in comb and 300 extracted. This was all gathered from August the first to October the first, 1914. I fed. in 1913 only 100 lbs. of sugar syrup at a cost of $4.65 per 100 lbs., and I only fed 50 lbs. of sugar at the rate of $5.00 per 100 lbs. in 1914. And now I have gone into winter quarters (November, 1914) with 53 colonies, with plenty to winter on and about 50 extra combs to be used to feed in the spring if found necessary to use. This is my 38 years of practical bee culture since I began in 1877. LOUIS WERNER. Pres. Baxter — Mrs. Harry L. King of Springfield has an essay on A FEW THINGS ABOUT BEES. Bees are the smartest of insects and are useful to man, as they store up honey, which is food for man as well as well as for themselves, but it has been found that they -must have the care of man as well as other domestic animals for they are, as others, sub- ject to disease and must be looked after in time of a honey flow, that they have plenty of room to store in honey, for when they are crow^ded they are more liable to swarm, and when they are swarming they do not make as much honey, many bee-keepers are careless in obtaining the wax. They will throw small bits and sometimes large pieces of comb on the ground where if they would keep a box for such purpose it would amount to several dollars worth of wax in one season. Bees require salt, and a great quant- ity of fresh and pure water in reach, for if they have to go far they are liable to swarm and settle nearer to water. The management of the apiary In the spring is to see that the bees have plenty of store left and feed a little sugar syrup to encourage early brood rearing, that we may have plenty of bees when the honey flow Is on. When the honey flow starts, the next step is to put on super and divide the hive to make increase as we see fit; see that the queens are all layiny and renew all failing queens. When the honey fiow Is well on, raise up super and put on others, as they are needed — then take off the full supers to avoid travel stains. After the honey flow ig over in the fall, the next thing to do is to see that they have plenty of store to live through the winter. If they have not enough, feed them enough to keep them through the winter. After the feeding is well over and the weather is getting cool, we pack them with straw and leaves to keep them warm as possible during the winter. There are many different ways of handling bees, because we may talk to one hundred bee-keepers and find as many different ways of keeping bees as there are bee-keepers. MRS. HArIrY L. king. Pres. Baxter — Mrs, Kildow has an Essay on: I APICULTURAL EDUCATION. Mrs. A. L. Kildow, mitnam, 111. Bee-keeping as a business requires talent, and comparativfely few persons succeed in making it profitable as an exclusive line. This is not the fault of the business, nor the locality, but of the men. It looks ""so easy that men are not willing to take the necessary time to become fully familiar with the business, as they would other lines. Our best and most successful bee- keepers are those that have given api- culture special study; and it behooves us to form organizations to awaken In- terest on the part of the bee-keepers. One great object of these organiza- tions, or field-meets, is to glean, from our up-to-date bee-keepers, knowledge which they have acquired by long ex- perience. By conversation with themi we may fortify ourselves against many errors. It is surprising ^yhat a diversity of hives, utensilg and methods are to be found among bee-keepers. At present there Is an apiary near Fancy Prairie that has 22 stands of bees, all In old gums. These gums are ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 97 made from 12 inch boards, are 3 feet high, and kept on benches about 20 inches from the ground. This yard is near the road, but would attract atten- tion only by its old-time appearance. If this man secures honey enough for his own household he is doing well. In another locality we find a yard of 250 colonies in up-to-date hives; a well arranged yard, with system and modern tools for work, a good honey- house and work shop. This man real- izes a handsome sum each year from his bees and keeps them for profit. Now where is the difference? Not in the location, nor necessarily in the bees; but in the bee-keepers them- selves. One man, not keeping abreast of the times, and the other a reader of bee literature, an investigator and ready to profit by other experience. Education along the line of good hives, good location, ventilation, shade, sunshine and rhethods of handling is as essential as a good strain of bees. And these as well as bee diseases are topics of discussion at our Conven- tions and field meets. The most important thing required is educational work. Many practical bee-keepers, who are keeping bees for commercial consider- ation, pay little attention to disease, until it is in their own yard. They l;iardly know what it looks like, and ofttimes, before they are aware of it, the disease has gone through a large part of their apiary. When the bee-keepers come to understand the serious nature of these diseases, to recognize them and the proper method of treatment, a great improvement in apiculture will be made — until a desire to understand bee-keeping is awakened, and the bee- keepers are anxious to examine the brood nests of their hives and learn to care for the various diseases, it is imperative that there be authority to compel proper attention. With Conventions, field-days, bee literature and such men as Dr. Miller, N. E. France and C. P. Dadant to divide knowledge with us, and good practical application on our own part, we should make rapid strides toward profitable bee-keeping. MRS. A. L. KILDOW. Pres. Baxter — While I think of it — there is one matter I want to bring up, and that is the report of the In- spector and Deputies. The Secretary told us today that she had on file in her office complete data, giving the apiaries visited, the number of colo- nies, the number found diseased, the number treated, the number destroyed — I wish the Secretary would get up a complete report and make * it as strong as possible, so that we can publish it in our report; it will do a lot of good for this Association in being able to accomplish the work they have in hand; I would like an explicit, minute report. A member — I think that is a very good suggestion; I think she should be compensated for her trouble. Mrs. Kildow — I think according to law and matrimony we are one. Mr. Kildow — She takes the work off my hands. Pres. Baxter — The vote has been taken for the awarding of prizes for premiums, by ballot, and I will an- nounce the result: Mrs. Kildow — 16. Mrs. King — 12. Mr. Werner — 10. Mrs. Kildow — I thank you for the honor you have conferred upon me. Pres. Baxter — There being no further business before the Convention, we having concluded our business of this session, a motion to adjourn would be in order. Dr. Baxter — I move you that we ad- journ. Motion seconded and carried. At 4:30 p. m. the Convention ad- journed to meet at the call of the Ex- ecutive Committee. —7 98 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE; At the convention of the National at Albany, N. Y., several years ago your Secretary, in the discussion on cement bee hive foundations, gave a descrip- tion of one he had made. The editor of the American Bee Journal secured a picture of the same and published it. We have since had so many inquiries about it that we decided to place it in our report, through courtesy of Ameri- can Bee Journal, also the bee escape in the box cover in the foreground, against the wheelbarrow on which is one of the foundations. ILLINOIS STATE i;ke-kf:epkks' association 99 " ~ i: -:: X •/ —I ?r "' a " ~ ^ ~ m- — " - tcS •d% 5 5 T re ? ^- r -; 3 1 c ' 3 i C ' " K '- ~ -- ^ — X ■> < P< *^ ~ y. ' V- - O X ?r y — — K 7: * r. z^ r. ■1- *-^ ^ <-^ >* — 'T. OJ r^- X T 2- ""^ „ a ^ I- s - ■/. - p= y. c ft 5 r 1 Mr:' - ^3 ,^ ''i ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 101 HON. N. E. FRANCE, President for 1915. E. H. BRUNER. Secretary for 1915. The 17TH ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE Chicago-Northwestern Bee-Keepers' Association, HELD AT THE GREAT NORTHERN HOTEL, CHICAGO, DECEMBER 17 and 18, 1914, was called to order at 10:30 a. m., De- cember 17. by the President, Mr. C. F. Kanrienberg. Mr. Kannenberg, President, ad- dressed the Convention as follows: "Members and Friends: I welcome you to this Convention and hope you will have a pleasant time with us here so that when you leave this hall for ycur homes you can say that you did not come here for nothing but that you have learned something more in the line of bee-keeping. That is what .we are here today for. As I look around this Hall and see friends whom I have seen before, I am again reminded that I cannot see them all. Some one is .missing, our friend and brother Cavanagh, who has departed from us just in the prime of life. He had to leave his duties here and go yonder where life is sweeter than on this earth. Brotlier Cavanagh was elected last year representative of the Chicago- Northwestern Bee-Keepers' Associa- tion to the National Bee-Keepers' As- sociation but he departed from us just a week before the Convention met at St. Louis. Now, when I think of myself as an American citizen and read of the terrible slaughter of men in the European war and of the widows and orphans left behind, I feel that we can be thankful that we can die here in peace. Now we come here to learn some- thing about bee-keeping and the best way to produce honey, not to talk 102 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE about war; and I am sure that, as there are brother bee-keepers here who can give us some good lessons on how to produce honey and to make it profit- able to keep bees, if we listen to them and to what is said here, we will re- turn to our hemes more enlightened in the bee business, and we can say that we have learned something at this Convention, and will feel more satis- fied to go home and be sure to come back again next year and be with us again. So I welcome you again. May the great ruler of the universe, the all seeing, benign, look down upon us and bless our work and may the glory all be Thine." Pres. Kannenberg — Now we will have the reading of the Minutes of our last meeting. Mr. L. C. Dadant, Secretary. The President read the Address of Welcome. Treasurer's report read and referred to committee for approval. Letter from Mr. Burton N. Gates, Presi^ dent of the National, in regard to hav- ing Crop Reports taken, read" and discussed. Committee appointed to in- vestigate and make report. (C. O. Smith) H. S. Duby, Adam Bodenschatz. AFTERNOON SESSION. Mr. H. H. Thale gave a talk and demonstration on the Regulations of the Vacuum Feeder, after which a gen- eral discussion of feeders took place. Mr. John Kneser gave his experience on buying bees by the pound and half pound. Question Box and the Foul Brood question discussed at length. Mr. A. G. Bordman of Grand Rapids, Michigan, gave a demonstration and explanation of a new foundation fastener and section folder. EVENING SESSION. Question of Bee Cellars and Winter Packing discussed at length. Method of liquefying honey so that it will not granulate discussed. Discussion of delegates to the Na- tional; also question of joining; de- cided to join for 1913-1914, and F. B. Cavanagh selected as delegate. Com- mittee appointed to draw up resolutions and amendments for presentation to National. President appointed Messrs. Pyles, Cavanagh and France. FRIDAY MORNING SESSION. Paper by H. C. Ahlers on Migratory Bee-keeping with general discussions following. F. B. Cavanagh gave a talk on the use of the Auto Truck for Out Apiaries. Election of officers followed with the following result: Mr. C. F. Kannenberg, President; Mr. F. B. Cavanagh, Vice-President; Mr. L. C. Dadant, Secretary and Treasurer. Mr. N. E. France gave a talk on Helpful Hints. I AFTERNOON SESSION. I. E. Pyles gave a talk on Sectional Hives. Report of Committee on Resolutions read and approved. Report of Auditing Committee received, showing an error of $10.00 in addition; same was cor- rected and approved. Time of 1914 meeting left to Execu- tive Committee. M. M. Baldridge gave a full descrip- tion of his treatment of American Foul Brood. Mr. Kenneth E. Hawkins appointed to give publicity to the meeting in Chi- cago papers. Adjourned by motion. LOUIS C. DADANT, Secretary-Treasurer. Pres. Kannenberg — You have heard the reading of the minutes; are there any alterations or corrections? if not thej- stand approved. Pres. Kannenberg — We have on the program a paper by Mr. L. A. Aspin- wall on American Bee-Keeping, Past and Future. We will now listen to Mr. Aspinwall. T American Bee-Keeping — Past and Future. (By Mr. L. A. Aspinwall.) Mr. President, brother bee-keepers: I do not know but that there are older men here than I who might have given a' little longer period of experience. "American Bee-Keeping, Past and Future" — I suppose it is to be under- stood that the past comes up to the present moment, and the past, present and future would cover it all. Gentlemen, I have had bees since I was twelve years old, so it gives me sixty years' experience, and at the time of my beginning I knew of no such thing as movable comb hives, although Father Langstroth had in- vent^ the movable comb hive in 1850. In 1850 I had my first experience with box hives. At that time my grand- ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 103 father had bees in box hives; in the neighborhood there were some straw and some' log hives then in use. With the advent of Mr. Quinby's ex- perience, with Father Langstroth's wonderful invention, bee-keeping, which was then without any head or tail, became, as it were, a nucleus from which the present high standard of bee culture has attained. Beauti- ful to think of. I can recollect when I looked into the hive from below and saw such a wonderful structure — I became so tn- thusiastic over it I never yet lost that enthusiasm, and, notwithstanding my love for invention, bee-keeping and its wonders cling to me still. Mr. Quinby had his contemporaries, J. M. Weeks and T. B. Minor, who had been in the business a number of years, but their success never amounted to more than their losses. Mr. Minor lost his entire apiary at one time from foul brood. Mr. Quinby was the pioneer in the discovery of a remedy for the cure of foul brood and he entirely eradicated it from his yards. Mr. Quinby furthermore was the first one to lay down the success- ful elementary principles of bee-keep- ing; I will not exclude Father Lang- stroth. Mr. Quinby was a prolific writer for Apicultural Journals. He wrote at one time for the Country Gentleman and the Rural New Yorker. His hive with his movable cap and his low stands, with simple board with cleat across each end, and glass honey boxes — gave bee-keeping an impetus from which it has never receded. Father Langstroth's invention pre- ceded the introduction of this hive of Mr. Quinby's, and the writing of his Mysteries of Bee-Keeping is a wonder- ful book and very practical. I have the old volume in my possession yet. Father Langstroth's invention added more strength to the impetus given apiculture than could possibly have been obtained otherwise. His work was one of the most beautiful works on Bee Culture that has ever been published, and it has been fully kept up in its reputation by the present authors, Dadant & Sons, Mr. L. C. Dadant being present with us today. It is a beautiful work. I cannot say too much in its praise. Mr. Quinby's method of the cure for Foul Brood is known today as the Mc- Evoy method, w-ith the exception of shaking the bees over the comb foun- dation after two or three days. There was no foundation used or invented up to the time of Mr. Quinby's dis- covery Furthermore, Mr. Quinby's humani- tarianism never allowed him to burn a colony of bees; and this burning of colonies I seriously ob.iect to, yet: I do not think it ever should be done. The Langstroth hive, as I said be- fore, gave bee-keeping an impetus that has been lasting; with that came the possibility of numerous advances in apiculture — probably queen rearing, which could not have been accom- plished successfully without the mov- able frame, and it aids in the detect- ing and the removal of foul brood wdthin the hive. The honey sections were invented by J. S. Harbison, in 1S57, althnugh there was but little known of the honey section in the '70s. Mr. James Forncrook of Watertown, Wis., made them in one piece in 1876. The Roots followed the work up rapidly from that time on. The methods whereby American bee- keeping has progressed rapidly, many of them, had their foundation in Europe; noticeably, the honey extrac- tor, by Frances De Hurechke, near Venice, Italy, in 1865. Mr. Root lost no time in following that invention up, and in 1869 gave another impetus to apiculture. While comb foundation was invented previous to the extractor — this was in 1867 by Johannes Mehring, — A I. Root followed that up and brought its in- troduction into this country, and the production of the press for bringing it out. He followed that up in 1867, and made a great success of it, selling many mills for the purpose. He spent a great deal of money. I know what it is. I built a mill this last year which cost me nearly a thousand dol- lars. In place of the cells following the whole length there is within a space so that I can put the two half- sections together. As you all know, the bane of comb honey production is the putting in the starters or the foundation in the sec- tions — so I have devised this, and spent a lot of money to overcome that delay. Mr. Dadant — Tou said you made a machine with big rolls to make founda- tion? 104 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF Tfiyg Mr. Aspinwall — Yes, to make the foundation. The roll has to be large to produce drawn cell foundation and worker cell foundation alternately. Put in section of worker cells, then .three centers of drawn, then follow one of w'orker, which makes the worker at the end of my super. A member — Is that on a single roll? Mr. Aspinwall — Yes, it nas to be lai-ge enough to do that, and that accounts for the expense. To get it accurate was very difficult. I made it for my ' own self to begin with exclusively so as to make as little truuhlp at the honey yield season as possible. As I said before, Mr. Root has done a great deal; he has pressed the business of the manufacture of bee supplies to an extent that it has advanced indus- trially, wonderfully. The next thing added to American bee culture was the introduction of Italian bees in 1859 and 1860 by P. J. Mahan of Philadelphia and in 1859 and 1860 by S. B. Parsons of Flushing, Long Island. My start came through S. B. Parsons and Mr. Quinby. Frank Benton has also done much to introduce the stock from Europe, no- tably the Carniolan stock which is probably as fine as any Italian. The great trouble is to maintain it in its maturity on account of its markings be- ing so near like the common bee. Another thing that has helped Ameri- can bee culture is the discovery of Par- thenogenesis by Rev. John Dierzone in 1848. When we consider the progress of bee culture you will pardon me for bringing in the foreign inventions, be- cause it became necessary to use these, and I must give credit to whom credit is due. By this discovery we have that which enables us to control our stock better and make better selections, and aids us in the wonderful business of queen rearing very much indeed. American bee culture w^as also an- ticipated by the scientific end of it in Europe. We are much slower in taking up that end than in Europe. In this connection of queen rearing, we want to give a little credit to G. M. Doolittle. His scientific queen rearing gave ad- vanced methods with which most of you are familiar. This subject is interesting to me per- haps more so than to a great many others and it could be talked upon all day. Of course I am jyst going to out- line what I have run against since 1854. In 1859 just previous to the introduc- tion of the movable comb hive in my yard I lost half of my bees by foul brood. Mr. Quinby's method enabled me to get out of it in time for super- seding my hive with the Langstroth frame. I want to credit Mr. Quinby with the smoker, and, while w^e find that there were smokers in Europe previous to his, we have to give him the credit for originality and the success of it in this country. This came out in 1854. Mr. Bingham followed this closely with the improved draft, which enabled the fire to continue without, its smoth- ering out, so to speak. We are not aware where the tiering system began; the tiering system of supers; it is important in bee culture today, and I believe began in 1865. There are not many who know that, but Mr. Quinby gives it iin his second edition, on page 140, as 1j865. It is marvelous what will grow out i of a small ' thing. It looked like A'^ small matter to take a box and set it on top the hive; he had four glass honey boxes, and he would lift them up when the honey yield was coming in and put another under, and in that way he estimated he would get from a third to a half more pounds of honey. Mr. Quinby came out with his foul brood cure in 1852, and yet there is more foul brood today than ever in the world, fey- the reason that bee-keeping has advanced so rapidly that there are thousands and thousands more bees. Foul brood is here to stay — like other diseases; and in this connection, the more advanced we become in bee cul- ture and the more scientific it becomes, ;t will dwindle down into the hands of a few specialists, and in that way we hope ^ to keep foul brood down. When I was a boy the farmers around us had five or six, up to twenty swarms of bees in various box hives and logs. My first yard of bees be- came contaminated through one of these yards having foul brood. My bees lost no time in hunting up that honey and carrying the germs. The Wax Extractor — That as used today was originated in Europe also. I quote from Professor Gferster of Berne, Switzerland; he is given as the inventor of it. ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 105 And the Queen Excluding Zinc is another important piece of furniture In the be'ehive, so to speak; that was In 1865 by L'Abbe Collin. I quote Father Langstroth — and I want to say in this connection you can get more data on the Langstroth device in this work than any other published in the United States and probably anywhere in the world. The Bee Escape, by Rufus Porter of your own state, in 1893. Lots of attempts were made before with various devices but this is one that has proved such a success and is that used today. I want to refer more especially to the developments and its bearing on the future: The future of bee-keeping as I men- tioned a moment ago is going to be in the hands of the few — those that are specialists, for you cannot very well attend to bees and another busi- ness and attend to the other business well at the same time. There are some things that are closely allied to it — poultry raising for example. Most of the work in the poultry yard can be attended to after hours when it is too dark to attend to the handling of bees. It will not do to handle bees when it is too dark for them to see very well; they are apt to be a little cross. You can spend a few hours in the morning and even- ing and can accomplish a great deal. Now we have bee-keeping of the future in the hands of a few, but it will be in the hands of those who can also attend to some pursuits in connection with it. This will enable the bee- keeper to become more scientific and guard against the inroads of foul prood; in the meantime the small man cannot make bee culture profitable and his foul broody apiaries will die out. Bee-keeping of the future, further- more, will be on more scientific lines and the anatomy of the bee will be better understood; and with these lines of knowledge we are able to build up practical bee-keeping much better. Now as to the production of drones and the value of drones by the pro- duction — we know just where to get the best drones and we know how to get the best queens. I have bees that are much larger than the average bee, through the se- lection of the very best. I attribute some of my large yields of honey to that in a great measure. Furthermore, the controlling and jnating of queens will enable us ,to have purely mated ones. We have made great strides but we have some to make yet before we are on a fixed, intelligent basis of bee cul- ture. The next will be — and it will prob- ably be in advance of the mating of queens — the perfect, control of swarms. We have not had that for a quarter of a century. I have been working on inventions for 53 years. I want to state in this connection, the man who can live to convey his thoughts and labors to his fellow man will do a lot of good in the world. This is notably true of Mr. Quinby; he was a prolific writer, and Father Langstroth, and Mr. Doo- little, and there are a lot of good writ- ers today. When a man can not only benefit men by the production of his industry but can transmit it in writ- ing, he has doubled the benefit to be received by his fellowmen. Referring back again to the non- swarming hive, we must have control of our bees in that respect as much as we have over our domestic animals, poultry and the like. Why should the bee be an exception? I am not going to give j'ou a descrip- tion of what I have but at the same time I will state, as some of you know what I have said: That in the 1913 experiments I made an advance which was greater than in the ten years previous to that. The result was per- fect control of swarming under a high tension yield of honey. In 1913 I obtained from one colony, the one that had the hive constructed the nearest perfect, 308 sections well sealed over; that colony yielded me over $30, you see. Of course my hive cost $10; the hive paid for itself the first season with good interest. Another thing: An investment of that kind becomes an asset in the yards; it is a durable hive. W^e buy machines, binders, harvesters and such things — and potato machinery that cost us more than by working by the old method — why not what is needful for bee-keeping? I sold six of them to one man from Madison, Wisconsin. I do not know whether he is present today or not. They bought two of them last season 106 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE and he reported on one of them, al- though a poor season, that it gave him 280 sections. I claim that by the use of the non- swarmer, with perfect control of the bees, in which there is not the least desire to swarm, we can get three times as much honey as by the old methods. The methods of wintering bees also will be more perfectly understood in the future. I have not made public my manu- script on bee culture which I have been compiling for the past 20 years, in which the anatomy of the bee is more correctly defined than at present. I spent six months on the tongue of the bee, and tired my eyes and head day after day with that one little member of the bee; the other members more or less time was giv.en, occupying weeks and months — although less time for each different member than was given the tongue of the bee. The tongue of tfie bee being round, the field of magnification with the micro- scope varies so that it is difficult to obtain an understanding of its work- ings. The working out of practical bee culture depends upon knowing the art scientifically "from A to Z." The wintering of bees successfully should enable a man to take 100 colonies, provided they have a reason- able number of bees to go into winter quarters and sufficient honey and go through the winter without a single loss, unless the queen may die; even with young queens even, I have known under some circumstances a young one may die; the old ones are more apt to. I am not as particular as I was in reference to having young queens in my colony at the start of the season to control swarming. I think I can control it with queens two an'd three years old about as well, but the suc- cessful wintering of bees should be such that no colonies will be in danger, although the mercury may run below zero for eleven days in succession, as it did I think a few years ago — in the heart of winter we had, out of the ninety days, 30 zero and below, and in February we had eleven days in suc- cession below zero. This is to be the next thing in bee culture. The bee can carry in its sack enough honey to tide over about a week. Take a swarm and put it in the cellar where it can- not fly, a dark place, that colony will survive seven days before starving. The uncapping of the cells ^ is im- possible under a low temperature; with a rise in temperature the bees uncap and draw upon it and spread it around where they can get it easily; they also contain a quantity in their saci,:s dur- ing the winter, but let 11 days come in which it is below zero and I v/iU guar- antee that in my colony in box hives none will succumb. The hive ir^ust be so constructed as to get"rid of moisture. Let me say, the steel covers that have been advocated are altogether wrong. I will state what I use above the frames — I mentioned it to one or two this morning: I use above the frames, which should be clean — a piece of un- bleached muslin, perfectly clean, so that the moisture of the colony can pass through between the bars, and over that a with another piece of muslin which forms its bottom of planer shavings. You have a slow upward current, in which the moisture passes off. To prevent a strong upward current, the entrance is made with a space 2x% inches. Men have said to me — "You will smother your bees." No, I can get more air through a half inch open- ing than the bees can use." And there is no draft to speak of. Another thing: The cap must be so as to get rid of moisture.' The caps are made of boards 3 feet wide and 3-8 inch spages between them. Those are covered with galvanized iron. Instead of having a wet top and shavings soaked, it is perfectly dry except a lit- tle bit of steam in the center. I will say that I have had colonies come out and you would not see a particle of ex- crement discharge on the hive at all. It is the best thing in the world; you get all the old honey in supers, and feed them back on sugar syrup. Feed it late in October. I have not fed my bees yet. Kind Providence has stepped in at the eleventh hour with me for three years; when a man gets old he cannot, do things quite so fast and there is more of it to do and he has to hustle. If this syrup is made thick and put in the feeder they can get at it in freez- ing weather. In addition to non -swarming and the winter problem and queen mating, must ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 107 come the short methods in bee culture all the way through. We want to get rid of partly filled sections quickly. I am inventing, what time I have. I cannot be long at it. — Take a partly filled section, run it through a crank and it presses the w-ax out at one end and the honey below; a good deal like the fruit presses. That is another thing I think ought to coma in the line of future bee-keeping — get rid of those sections. In addition to that, we want a smoker that is just right; the smoker is an im- portant item. Mr. Bingham made a good smoker that has not been im- proved on very much, if any. I sug- gested to him a few years ago to put the cover inside; I suggested a high top, but Mr. Bingham was getting too old for active work and thought he would not do it. I suggested to make the top 5 or 6 inches higher with a hole inside. I don't use the fuel that a good many do. I use very coarse saw- dust, and over that I take a wad of green grass and put up in top, and the smoke is just as cool as water in Octo- ber, and no sparks fly out. I might talk a long while about short cuts in bee culture. Introduction of Queens. While it is easier to introduce queens in summer, we do not want to interfere with the honey flow. It is best to introduce queens after the honey season is over, and the method known as caging is the best. Leave them in 48 hours and let them gnaw their way out then. The best of all is to wait until it freezes up and take the queen away before it freezes up. With my non-swarming method I rear an extra queen and I get queens enough purely mated to weed out all the mis-mated and poor ones; every year I have six or seven more than I needed. When a colony swarms every bee is impressed with the idea of swarming. When you look in the sides of the hive through the glass and see them an hour before swarming, you will see them begin to move in great circles, arid they must be a unit to do that. You don't see one but that is disturbed ■by the prospective movement in the new home. There are a lot of details of queen rearing that could be gone into. I was in hopes this season would be a ■good one. I will give it a test in the 1915 season, hoping we may have a good honey flow. The alternate thawing and freezing was the undoing of 1914. There may be some other things that will suggest themselves, but the future of bee-keeping depends upon three things: Control of swarming; the control of mating of queens; a suffi- cient number of queens and selected ones that wall maintain an Italian apiary in its purity. I have seen a good many bee-keepers who pretend to have an Italian apiary but they are more hybrids than pure. Pres. Kannenberg — I think Mr. Aspinwall has good ideas. Does any one else want to ask questions? I believe he would be walling to answer them. Mr. Miller — I would like to ask Mr. Aspinwall if he thinks the bee-keeping industry will be in the hands of a monopoly so that the business will be conducted by large companies? Mr. Aspinwall — It may in some lo- calities; I hardly think it will for the reason that the pasturage cannot be confined to small areas. Where it is controlled by a combination, it would be too widely located, I think. I rather think that bee-keepers should be associated with one or two more bee-keepers conducting large apiaries in their immediate localities; there would be great advantages in that re- spect. What is a man going to do when he gets old unless he has a partnership— a company will move along just the same when I am -gone but my bee yard will not unless I am associated with some one else and for that reason I believe bee-keeping should be in the hands of a co-part- nership. Mr. John Klein^What can there be done to exterminate lice from bees? Pres. Kannenberg — Has any one had experience with lice on bees? Mr. Aspinwall — I never had any. The secret of preventing that, from w-hat I have learned in reference to the bee lice, is to keep the bottom boards as clean as possible. The rough bottom board W-ouId favor their production and increase, and the cleaner you can keep the bottom board where all filth is dropped and carried down, the bet-, ter it will be. For a bottom board un- der such circumstances, I would sug- gest a glass one on the top of . the wood, such as many of our tables in many dining halls have today. I 108 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL, REPORT OF THE think it will be far better and the filth can be dropped on that. Mr. Klein — You don't think the bees would exterminate them, do you? Mr. Aspinwall — I don't know. Mr. Klein — They are perceptible to the naked eye and they produce an- noyance to the bee, I am aware of that. Mr. Aspinwall — I am unable to give any definite light on it. Pres. Kannenberg — Does anybody else know anything about bee lice? Mr. Coppin — I do not understand why this gentleman manufactures drawn foundation, in regard to his machinery invented to manufacture foundation for drawn and worker comb; I did not understand for what purpose; whether he used it in the brood nest or in sec- tions, and what the idea was. Mr. Aspinwall — Mr. President, reply- ing to that question, it is exclusively for the sections. In using a super which contains 30 sections or two supers over the main body of the hive, I have 60 sections over the brood nest in which they alternate with sealed frames; that has only six brood combs outside of the nucleus. That limits the queen so that she can attend to her business. She can lay more eggs. I use queen excluding zinc and keep her out of the section. The reason I use drawn comb in the center — there being so few brood combs below, they would deposit pollen in the worker comb if it was over the brood nest, but, with worker comb through the center, I have had some colonies and some seasons in which they were nearly filled with pollen; with drawn cells they never de- posited pollen, I don't care how free the communication. The main thing is to keep the pollen out of the cells. I must say, out of 4,000 sections and over I got out of 23 colonies I had not a single comb in • which I could see a trace of pollen, and for the reason that I used drawn comb; that prevented it entirely. Mr. Coppin — I do not know which is the better of the two; I object to using a queen excluder honey board for the reason I think it causes the bees far too much trouble to get to the sections; and on the other hand it is not very pleasant to have pollen in the sections of honey and they will put it there sometimes. If the drawn comb will keep it out it is a good thing, I think. On the other hand, a section of honey built from worker bee foundation looks better than that built from drawn comb. It is smoother and looks better. On the other hand, if we use drawn comb in the sections without the queen ex- cluder, the queen will go up there in that brood, so we have to keep the drawn comb out of the sections, else use the queen excluder. Mr. Aspinwall — I would prefer to use the worker exclusively because it is one size right through; if we have the appliances to make them I would just as soon have the drawn. In speaking of looks, I know that in most of the sections I have the finest looking honey in drone cells. The only objection to drone cells honey is — if the machiAe that furnished the foundation had been thin enough, under some circumstances with a rapid yield, it will not be worked out so well as the worker foundation, but with proper foundation there is no prettier honey in the world than that of drone cells. And they show the minimum amount of wax; it looks far better than worker comb; and the flavor is just as good; the consumer does not know the difference. I sell my honey in Jackson and the consumer asks no questions. One lady telephoned and said she wanted some of my honey, and she asked the question — "Is it per- fectly white?" If she had been eating it in the dark she would not have known the difference; one is more creamy than the other, but it must look right on the plate; that is it, and it will look just as white with drone cell as worker comb provided it is made by the same ^bees. Mr. Coppin — I have been exhibiting in fairs, and I am using a section that is split, and full sheet of foundation; put it in four sections and the Taee- keepers ask me (and I use the worker bee foundation) how it is I can get the honey so smooth. I look at their honey and I say, "Yours is built in drone comb while mine is built from worker comb." It seems to be a bet- ter looking article. I have a sample there (on the table) of the sections filled w-ith honey, and I wish you (Mr. Aspinwall) had some of the drone combs that we might make a comparison. Mr. Aspinwall — I will admit that the honey in the split section does not look quite so nice as one that is solid, and it advertises to the consumer that it is made on manufactured foundation; ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 109 with a solid section that question would not arise. I never had any questions -asked. When I can get 300 sections from a colony I can afford to sell it cheaper, perhaps at a minimum price. If a man gets ten cents a section for 300 sec- tions he has $30 from a colony, and all r have to say to the man who is buying it at that price is — "If you do not want it at that price, although it is split section (at 10 cents) — I can find ten to one men who do", and I have never had that questioned. It is coming to the question of how cheaply we can produce honey. We have to produce it cheaper in great quantities in good gaasons. We may have a season in eight or ten years in which the bees will not pay for themselves, but with non-swarm- ing hives during the average season they will pay well, and this matter of drone cell foundation is not going to cut any ice at all. The question is — whether the honey is pure and of the right kind. Clover honey is the honey, and alfalfa is really of a finer flavor than clover. Where I have sold my honey, and some have gotten hold of the alfalfa, and didn't know one from the other, they said the alfalfa honey tasted so fine and that was what they wanted. Alfalfa is being introduced from Colorado into our state. It produces the finest honey imaginable. Alsike comes next to it. A member — I have alfalfa in my sec- tion of the country and I never saw a bee on it. Mr. Coppin — I have had the same experience; lots of alfalfa, and I never saw a bee on it. Mr. Aspinwall — I have seen it cov- ered with bees in Jackson county. A dairyman, who is not a bee-keeper, said to me, "I see some of your bees around; if you will put them in my yard I will let you have half the honey they gather from my alfalfa." I said — "I am getting all of it now." Mr. Ahlers — I pretty nearly agree with everything Mr. Aspinwall has said. I think if they didn't have the alfalfa, but clover around there, he would get so much honey he could not weigh it. Pres. Kannenberg — He might have lived in a different neighborhood where there is nectar in alfalfa — in mine there is none. Secretary Dadant — I think it was Mr. Pyles who said last fall in this connection that he believed it was the condition of the soil. I have never seen one bee on alfalfa, but Mr. Pyles said that in their country there was a sort of sandy soil, in the central part of Illinois, and the bees did work on it. There is no doubt that they work on it in Colorado. Dr. J. J. Brinckerhoff: — There were two pieces of alfalfa near my home this summer, about four miles apart (two or three acres) and on one it was rolling with bees and on the other one there were no bees at all on those days I looked; one piece that was on gravelly soil had no bees and the other piece on rich soil was rolling in bees. I do not know what made the differ- ence, I am sure. Mr. J. H. Kneser — The bees worked on aflfalfa the year 1908 and this year again in Cook County; that soil is lime and it contains phosphorus. This is the first year since 1908 that they worked it. Mr. J. R. Simmons — I live just out- side of Chicago and we had two pieces of alfalfa in the immediq,tely vicinity, and my bees were not gathering honey on any thing and they would not work the alfalfa. There were two or three pieces of alfalfa; I went there a num- ber of times and they were not gath- ering any honey on it. Mr. John C. Bull — Fifty miles from here we have alfalfa in our locality and no bees on it. I have seen small bumble bees working on it. I have noticed no honey bees but a great many bumble bees. Mr. Aspinwall — Possibly most of you know the yield in alfalfa is not very rich but there will be a yield of alsike at the same time and I think they prefer the field that gives the greatest amount of nectar. Another fact — The introduction of a germ or something that feeds upon the root; I have seen them on catnip and different things and that was neces- sary before the plant yielded any amount of honey. I don't know what it amounts to. It might be in certain gravelly soils we would not find mois- ture enough to produce any effect upon the root of the clover while in humid soil it might make the difference re- ferred to by Mr. Brinckerhoff. Mr. Farrington — I would like to ask if some one here is informed as to whether the western alfalfa yields nee- 110 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE tar more than other alfalfa. It is my understanding that unirrigated alfalfa does not yield nectar. Mr. Dadant — As I understand it they have fields of alfalfa in Kansas that are not irrigated that yield honey. Mr. Farrington — They have yields from alfalfa in Kansas that is not irri- gated I am sure. Pres. Kannenberg — We have on our program, "CROP REPORTS". I w6uld like to hear from any who have had good crop reports. Mr. Dadant — I think it would be a good idea to have each one get up in turn and give his individual crop re- port; state what per cent of a crop he had; whether he had no crop, whAt the prospect is for next year, and let the stenographer take it down, and wfe will get the general average of what the crop has been and what the prospect is for a good crop as represented by this meeting. Mr. Edward Hassinger — "What would you regard as a full crop or a half crop? Pres. Kannenberg — It depends, I guess, on how many colonies you have. If you have had no crop you will know; if you have had a good one you can state that. Mr. Dadant — Base it on the average: How many pounds per colony you count for the crop as an average, and whether your crop has been above or below the average. Dr. Brinckerhpff — That would be all right for those who kept bees quite a while, but with the amateur — he would not know whether he was getting a big crop when he got three sections or when he got 40. Mr. Bull — Give the average yield per colony, Mr. Klein — I am aware that bees do not work alike; gome are more indus- trious than others. I have had an ex- perience this last season; two or three of my hives did not do well while others brought in abundantly. Pres. Kannenberg — Then figure it to- gether; see what you have when the season is over, whether you had a good crop or a poor one. Secretary Dadant — Mr. Harnack Wil- bert will give his report, please. Mr. Wilbert — This year in our coun- try we didn't have a very good crop; I have been running it with other thing.a. I run most of my bees for extracted, few comb. I kept two yards about four miles apart. Some of the bee-keepers in my country have gotten no honey. I think it was on account of not giving their bees proper care; mine averaged ^ not more than one-half. We figured this year about 40 lbs. to the colony; other years we were getting about SO to 100. Pres. Kannenberg — What is the crop of Mr. R. H. Schmidt? Mr. Schmidt — I have 140 colonies and my crop for this year averaged 80 !bs. per colony, extracted. Mr. Bull — I would like to suggest that the location be given in giving these reports. Mr. Wilbert — My location is in Iowa, near McGregor, Golden County, 250 miles from here. Mr. R. H. Schmidt — Sheboygan. Mr. Bull — Northwestern Indiana; my yield, 40 lbs., the average, all extracted. Mr. Dadant — What are the pros- pects? Mr. Bull — The prospects are poor things to figure on. Mr. Dadant — With us we know we have no prospect becgiuse we have no clover in the ground. In Wisconsin, they may have a poorer season than we have had, but they have the pros- pect good and we, have not. Mr. Bull— To tell you the truth I have been too busy to look after the pros- pect. Mr. M. M. Baldridge — Forty miles west of Chicago. My bees this last year have given about 50 lbs., comb honey, to the colony. The prospect^: for the, coming year I think are very good, alsike and white clover. Mr. J. W^. Lang — I have 40 hives of bees; we have no honey at all, no sur- plus; some of them made a little honey; some of them- not enough to live through the winter. I live about 100 •miles south qf Chicago. It is not be- cause I did not take good care of mj bees. I am a great friend of bees and take good care of them; I gave them full foundation when I put them in the hive, and plenty of room to work in. We have been for two and one -half months without rain. The prospect for next year is very poor, for we had no rain to start the new clover, so it has not sprouted at all, and if it doesn't do that in our country we will not get a crop next year. If we want honey, we will have to have our white clover sprouted and take root in the fall, then V- ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 111 we will run a chance of getting a good crop of honey for the next season. Mr. Van Wingarden — Lake County, Indiana; secured 40 lbs. to the hive, ex- tracted honey, prospects good for next year. Mr. W. B. Blume — My average is 45 lbs., comb and extracted; suburb of Chicago. Mr. H. Roehrs — I am located about 60 miles straight west of Chicago. My av- erage crop has been about 75 lbs. per colony of extracted honey. I might have gotten more honey but bees are a side issue with me. I put my .time in with my poultry. I have fruit and poultry, and the bees go well in taking care of the fruit. Nine years ago I brought about 40 colonies from Wisconsin; they were in fine shape, but my neighbors had foul brood right here close to Chicago, and I have been up against it ever since. I lost nearly all, and now I have 20 to 22 colonies. I got rid of foul brood last year; last year I averaged 125 lbs. per colony. Going back to foul brood — I have made that a study. I subscribe to what Mr. Aspinwall has said; we are going to have foul brood with us be- cause I believe the germ is there with every colony, and as soon as a colony is out of shape it will develop, other- wise the bees take care of it them- selves, but we are going to have to fight foul brood as long as we live. Mr. Dadant — What is your future prospect — for next season ? Mr. Roehrs — I hope it is good. Mr. Aspinwall — Mr. President, I had about 30 lbs. — I have not weighed it up, but as near as I can get at it — per colony, against 200 sections last year per colony. Of course my bees are non-swarming hives and you would naturally suppose they should have given me a little more this year than those that have given their statement. But the bees cannot get honey where there is none. We cannot dig potatoes with a machine where there are no potatoes. Referring to the honey source — a year ago last autumn the prospects were never better for clover but the continued thawing and freezing, and no snow on the ground until February, completely destroyed the roots and also affected the roots of autumn flowers, so that there was nothing at all on the flowers. Although the plants lived and have done well, there was no honey. Referring to the gentleman who has just spoken, Mr. Roehrs — that foul brood is here to stay : I did not mean that it was in the individual yards, but that there would always be some care- less bee-keepers around who would not take the proper care of their bees — farmer bee-keepers, for example, who did not understand how to properly care for bees, and in this way the bees of the bee-keeper near by would be contaminated. But if we look at our combs carefully and there are no foul broody cells to be seen, you can count on those being exempt. I look at mine in the autumn. And in this way I find it the finest way to eliminate it possible. Go over them in the autumn and get rid of those colonies at that time that are ques- tionable and you will not lose colonies. The prospects for next year are look- ing fairly good. There is quite a good deal of white clover, though not as much as the year before. It takes about one year to overcome failure by destruction of clover before we can get right again. 1895 was the last of four years of terrible drought, and clover was all dried up. In 1896 there was a little; didn't yield any honey, hardly. . In 1897 was the greatest yield of honey I ever saw. I wrote an article for the Bee-Keepers' Review in which I said that the clover completely cov- ered the ground in most places, and it seemed as if an angel had come down and sowed seeds everywhere, the fields were so white. The seeds had accumu- lated for years, it seemed, and pro- duced a yield for 1897. Mr. C. J, Wuetig— I live about 16 miles south of here. I had only six colonies in the spring and I got 40 lbs. of honey altogether, a little over half section honey and the rest in shallow frames. Mr. A. G. Woodman — In the immedi- ate vicinity of Grand Rapids. About one -fourth of a crop. The entire state of Michigan yielded a little above nor- mal crop. Prospects fair for next sea- son. Mr. Edward Hassinger — Average yield 115 lbs. of extracted honey per colony. 76 colonies. Prospect next season good. I live in Greenville, W^is. Mr. C S. Know — ^Whiteside County, 111. Comb honey — failure. I do not 112 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE know what the prospect is for next year. The country is pretty dry this year. Mr. A. Coppin — I live 108 miles southwest of here. My average yield, ahout 5 lbs. per colony — 175 colonies. Nothing in sight for next year in the way of white clover and that is about all we have. Marshall and La Salle Counties. Mr. H. C. Ahlers — Wisconsin. Nearly 80 lbs. of extracted honey per colony — 325 colonies. Prospects are good. Mr. John Klein — I live 80 miles southwest of Chicago, La Salle County. I have now 15 hives of bees. I aver- aged about 60 to 65 lbs. per hive this last season. I am solely dependent on white sweet clover. The largest yield was brought in the months of August and September. I am almost depend- ent on sweet clover; we have a very little small white clover. There is plenty of sweet clover and my pros- pects are good for next season. Mr. Coppin — I will say — That this gentleman spoke of having gotten honey from sweet clover. I have one yard of bees that were in reach of 20 acres of clover that was grown for seed or else I would not have gotten 5 lbs. Mr. W. A. Warman — Indiana, about 40 miles southeast of here. My average this year was about 40' per cent of what it was last year and amounted to about 55 lbs. per colony. Have 5 yards — about 350 colonies. One yard gave less than 10 lbs. per colony. Another yard ran over 100; most of fall honey. No clover in sight for next year. Mr. G. E. Bacon — Yield in our locality was about 50 lbs. comb honey, average per colony. Watertown, Wis. Mr. W. C. Lyman^Dupage County, this state. I will say, about 25 per cent crop, all extracted. I averaged perhaps 15 lbs. per colony. Prospects for another year, on clover — about 50 per cent. Mr. F. J. Rattig — Mr. Chairman, I am from Wabash County, Indiana, and am almost ashamed to come up here and give my experience in bee-keeping. I got .started in bee-keeping in a queer wav My wife attended a sale of bees and bought six stands. Just after that we had the Ohio flood and three of these were drowned. She tried to straighten the hives up and the bees got all over her. After she did get things straightened up she looked like the fat girl in the side show. That is the first experience. She said she never would do anything more with bees, and I kind of took a hand in it. How I formed a liking to that I don't know but she says I have gotten them in my bonnet. Last year we had three stands left, and to three stands fed 200 lbs. of sugar, and got about the same amount of honey. I got all the Bee Journals and every- thing I could get and commenced to study bee culture. I commenced to niso queens. I traded a lot of them for three other stands — and out of the six stands I got about 30 stands including the nucleus, and this fall when I put them up I fed 400 lbs. of sugar and got 40 to -45 pounds of honey, but I have 24 swarms of bees left and the prospects for next season are about 400 lbs. of sugar^ and if it takes twice that I will never give up the bee business because I like it. I try to keep my bees sweet and I surely do. Mr. Dadant — You'd better sow clover. Mr. Rattig — I have 2% acres of ground and am in the wholesale mill supply business and my wife says that I am going into bankruptcy. Bees are the only enjoyment I have, and I really do enjoy it. But the State Inspector vv^as up there. I thought I had a case of foul brood, but it was not. He said not to worry, it would turn out all rigljt, which it did. The bees are do- ing tine. Because I have made such an increase from so small an amount is probably the reason of no honey. I don't know anybody near me who has made much of a success in hon£y producing. There is a preacher i!ix miles east of us who has i.iees in his bonnet but he did get a bunch of honey. Pres. Kannenberg^DoTi't have tbe Pure Food Inspector come there or he may say the honej- was adulterated. Mr. Rattig — We don't get nearly enough for ourselves, so if it is adulter- ated it does not make any Oifference. I get pleasure out of the bee business if I do not get honey. Pres. Kannenberg — You keep on, but buy clover and sow flowers so that you do not have to buy so much sugar. Mr. Aspinwall — I think the trouble is he has had more bees than honev. ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 113 Keep the bees down; don't increase them so fast. Mr. R. A. Burnett — Mr. President, I am delighted to follow Mr. Rattig. I have heard of its being a "skidoo" number, but not so with him. His is an interesting story. Mr. J. R. Simmons — I believe I made my report a little while ago. I live about 20 to 25 miles south of here, in Co&k County, and I did not get any honey this year, that is, not enough tt call it anything. I do not cal] it any ii I do not get 8 to 10 lbs. I heard so Me one say last year it was because th.i bees were not cared for; but I ga'' e niy be«=s good care. i..ast j'ear I got 175 lbs. to tlie co'ony. This year I didn't get anythin;?. The prospect for sweet clover was never betif.-. but white clover not much. The sweet clover ig up about one foot high. Mr. J. H. Kneser— ^Northeast part of Illinois. 55 lbs. per colony, two-flfths comb, three-fifths extracted. Prospects fairly good. Air t . Kubick — About -2 miles from Chicago. I had a fierce battle with foul bior.d, so I won't mentiji the crop, and combined with that a poor season. i do :',s were con- tarn'riUteJ, like a good many others this year. Another thing — is th^ Inspector. There was an Inspector out there and he IcoKcd some of these ove '. I do not know whether he knew foul brood when he saw it. I called in a m^. i who hari iiyd a little experience with frul bro.5d ■:nd he said it was American l"
    kind of bunk that you may lie down, have all kinds of things to eat and any- thing you want to drink. A member — How many colonies in a car? Mr. Ahlers — I am getting ready 500 next year. I have shipped 350 colonies and I had three story boxes. I know that I can ship 500. I have the whole thing figured out, and I will have the door space to set some tanks in and I will let my presses rest on those tanks. Mr. France — Do you get transporta- tion with your car? • Mr. Ahlers — No, a man must pay; furthermore a man must pay the full ■ first class transportation, and he must pay it and he must go with the car or you can't ship your bees. They will ship your bees and they will ship theJTi through, too. Of course if there is any damage and you are not with the car you don't know anything about it. They will tell you probably afterwards you did not pack j'our bees right. The fare from here to Louisiana is about $37.50; from "here to Natchez or New Orleans, round trip. I will probably ship by way of Natchez, and then I will have to pay my fare to Jonesville or Black River, 30 miles. The car will 116 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT ^F THE cost me $35.00 and all over weight will be extra. Mr. Baldridge — ^How did you fasten the hives to the car so that they would not shove about? Mr. Ahlers — They are set up endways against the car. I am going to put my stringers this time lengthwise. Set tight as they can one hive against the other, and when you get to your last row, when you get to the door, you nail an upright plank, anthing you have, 1 have some 4x14 there; thiey will hold it. Put in heavy cross bars and have wedges there. After the car runs and bumps there will be some slack; take up the slack the first chance you get. Put a wide enough piece at the bottom where your press rests or otherwise when your car slacks the nails may break off and your press will knock down and your bees will be all in a pile. I had part of my bees bumped together shipping once when they were leaning in all kinds of shape, yet they shipped pretty well. I had 5,000 lbs. of honey that time; then the railroad company paid for it besides. Mr. Dadant — How long does it take to make the trip? Mr. Ahlers — The bees ought not to be confined over 4 days. The route I want to ship on, the Missouri Pacific, won't guarantee to ship them under six days if Sunday does not intervene. I shipped them down from Illinois in three days. Mr. France — Mr. Ahlers, if I coupled on to your car a carload of farm stock would I not get transportation with it? Mr. Ahlers — I expect you would. Mr. France — See the injustice then of being a bee-keeper. Mr. Ahlers — I believe I have Mr. France to thank for this — They have reduced the minimum weight of a car- load of bees, will cost $50 more. They will charge me just as much for 14,000 and 20,000, and for the balance will charge us high rate. I objected to that at the time, you may remember. Mr. Baldridge — There is a gentleman in this room who has shipped bees in a refrigerator car. I should like to hear from him, I shipped one carlot in a refrigerator car and they shipped through pretty' fairly. I had probably 60 queenless hives out of 300, but the queens might not have been mated. I had all kinds of inferior queens, probably 60 of them worthless. I did not blame it on the refrigerator car. The refrigerator I think ought to be closed for 24 hours before you load, so that the bees get well frozen up before you start them off. My car was so hot that the ice melted before I got 20 miles away from there. Most of the ice was gone when I had moved 90 miles. Mr. Bull — I shipped a car once and used the refrigerator car and didn't use any ice; it was not very hot and I had only 100 colonies. I left the ventilators open while the car was in motion but as soon as it stopped I was sidetracked in the freight yard in Chicago and it kept me busy carrying water. Once before I used the open side car and came up to Chi- cago; there was a storm and it pretty nearly rained me out. A member — May I ask Mr. Ahlers how much water you carried along to water the bees. Mr. Ahlers — I expect about 200 gal- lons. I will ship from the south about the first of May. It will be about 85 degrees when I ship from there. It is very comfortable in light clothes at 85, but when those bees get packed in the car it is going to be pretty hot when the car is not running. Mr. Baldridge — Mr. Bradley is the gentleman I referred to. I would like to hear from him. He shipped bees to Missouri at one time in a refrigera- tor car. Mr. Bardley — Some years ago, at Libertyville, 111. the honey season is from July 20th. I had 100 colonies very strong in bees, boiling over, and I knew of a Spanish needle locality in Missouri. I got a refrigerator car, iced it one day before we got ready to load it, and put 100 colonies in it boil- ing over with bees, and; we loaded them in the night. It was in the last of July when the thermometer was 95 and higher in the shade in the day- time. We shipped them over to Bur- lington, Missouri; re-iced the car at Burlington, and shipped them down to within about 40 miles above St. Louis. They went through to Missouri in fine condition, A No. 1. There was not a pint of dead bees in the hive, but it was cool in the car; it was chilly; and I think bees can be shipped success- fully if the car is iced a day or so be- fore the bees are put in, that the car may be made cold. We got a fair crop of Spanish needle ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 117 honey; averaged about 60 pounds per colony extracted honey. In Louisiana one season we loaded 1,100 colonies on barges, and then three or four seasons we shipped bs"^ rail, two and four and six carloads at a time. Mr. Baldridge has had some experience in that. We shipped them through in stock cars. The freight at that time to Chicago was $110.00 per car. We put 300 colonies in a car and shipped some to Libertyville, some to St. Charles, some to St. Louis, Chicago, Kansas City, Mo. They all as a rule went through in good condition, but they were well ventilated. We shipped them south in November, and shipped them north the latter part of April after the honey season was over. W^e bought twelve or fourteen hun- dred colonies of bees down there from the natives for $1.00 apiece and trans- ferred them and put them into mov- able frame hives. Mr. Baldridge has had some experi- ence down there and up here in the same line of business. Mr. Baldridge — I wish to state to the audience that Mr. Bradley is the man who had charge of the bees on the Mississippi River for Mr. . It had been well known that there were bees shipped up and down the river, but Mr. Bradley was the man in charge and knows bees. Mr. Ahlers — I had the same man with me that you had with you and he is the man that left me when he got homesick. Mr. Bradley — There is hardly a col- ony of bees down there but that was infected with foul brood the last year I was there — there were hundreds of colonies there. If is not safe to ship' bees down there. Mr. Ahlers — There is not a case within 200 miles of there that I know of now or anywhere in that part of Louisiana. Mr. Braldey — Mr. Baldridge knows of an apiary at Materia Lodge, near Louisiana, where nearly every hive per- ished from foul brood; and in New Or- leans and all about the city they were all infected with foul brood. I had a good friend by the name of Collins who lost all his bees. We had to get our bees away from there. Mr. Ahlers — I would like to remark that this whole story would make a very interesting book, though it would not be very profitable for any one to finance it through as a deal. Mr. Baldridge^I don't think there are many who had experience shipping bees from the south to the north or vice versa that care about following the bee business. Mr. Bradley — Our business was not a profitable business in shipping bees north and south. We had about 20,- 000. Our fuel hill from New Orleans was $600, say nothing about the steam- boat crew we had to keep. We only got part way up with our colonies and we had to put the bees on the boat and take them that way, where we put them ashore for the Spanish needle harvest. Our destination was St. Paul but we were too late for the season. Mr. Baldridge — Mr. Bradley had a good backer; Mr. was a rich man and could stand this. Pres. Kannenberg — Any more about shipping bees? Mr. Dadant — I would like to hear from Mr. Ahlers about his different manner of shipping, by the pound, or small nucleus, which one has given the best satisfaction? Mr. Ahlers — I shipped about a thou- sand dollars -worth last spring from Jonesville, Louisiana. The charges are reasonable now and if any one wants bees I believe that is the right way of getting bees from the south in the spring. A three frame nucleus that will get here or to West Bend. Wisconsin, by the loth of May w^ill build up to three or four store colony. I really believe the three frame nuclei are the most profitable for any one — clover honey, but if Spanish needle or sweet clover is wanted I would say two frame nuclei. I was selling my nuclei too cheap for 2 lb. cages and they didn't give satisfaction generally. I mean to be pretty good to my cus- tomers and I think I shipped too many bees. Now by placing the combs with the sealed brood on the upper story over the excluder I managed to get all the young bees in the upper story. It was my idea to give people their money's worth. These young bees are very small when they are first hatched and after they warm up there for a day or two in the cage they seem to grow, and will grow that cage full and smother before they get to their destination, and I have had some loss that way. 118 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL, REPORT ' OF THE And some water cans caused trouble, but that can be managed. If the water cans are filled with water and turned upside down the lit- tle hole that the bees get the water from will rust and, after you clean that rust out, will rust again, and then it will work- to perfection. That is a thing I did not know in the beginning. Those cages were very indifferent; some worked well, some worked poor- ly and some didnt' work at all and some had too many bees and they suffocated. At the last station up Hudson Bay, the parties there were all pleased, and some I didn't hear from at all. When I did not hear from parties' I generally thought they were pleased or they would say something. These cages cost almost as much as • the nuclei boxes and they will not make any more kindling wood after you get done with them. I do not think the one and two pound cages are as big a hit as they claim for them, and I do not encourage buying them. A member — Is not that a fine way to ship a case of foul brood? Mr. Ahlers — You cannot ship it at all in a cage. A member — If you ship three frame nuclei? Mr. Ahlers — Sure. If you have got some, that is a fine way of shipping it out, too. A man who ig shipping bees is not supposed to be shipping any foul brood. I don't think any man who ships bees will willfully ship foul broody bees; not any more than a chicken man will boil his eggs before he sends them out for hatching. I shipped combs of sealed brood with enough bees to cover them. Over half of them filled up with sealed brood. Mr. Baldridge — I tried three comb nuclei of brood and a great many beeg but I set that in place of a strong colony and fill up with empty founda- tion or combs, and I have as strong a colony as there is in the yard. Mr. Bodenschatz — If you take a nucleus and set it in place of a strong colony, in a good many cases you get a queen. Mr. Baldridge — I do not know as I ever lost a queen by setting them in place of a strong colony when they were busy gathering honey. Mr. Dadant — That makes all the difference in the world. A member — Would that not be rob- bing a strong colony for a weak colony? Mr. Ahlers — Three frame nuclei is strong enough. If I get them there be- fore the ItSh of May I can ship them on the 15th of April if I want to. Mr. Dadant — Mr. Ahlers is speaking about 3 frame nuclei to get them there in time enough to build up; Mr. Baldridge says "when the honey flow is on; that makes all the difference in the world. Mr. Ahlers — I doubt whether Mr. Baldridge would get any honey in our country at all by that time. Mr. Oaks received bees from me last spring; I would like to have him give his experience. Mr. Oaks — The nuclei I got from Mr. Ahlers came through in splendid shape; they did remarkably well and they filled a ten frame hive body overflowing with bees, and if we had not such a dry season they would have laid up an abundant supply. Pres. Kannenberg — We will ask Mr. E. G. Bacon to give us a talk on "Country-wide Advertising to Increase the Sale of Honoy." Talk by Mr. E. G. Bacon: Country-wide Advertising to Increase the Sale of Honey. I would prefer to speak to you briefly about some of the problems that the bee-keeping fraternity are .confronted with,' to increase the sale of honey. In order to carry on a country-wide campaign to increase the sale of honey we must first answer three questions which confront us. The first one is — Whom to reach. The second one — How to^^Teach them; and the third one — ^Where is the money coming from to maintain this cam- paign? I will answer the first two questions if you will answer the third. Whom to reach? It is manifestly obvious that it is the general public that we wish to reach; and, bearing in mind it is the general public we wish to reach, the question is easily solved as to how to reach them. , Newspapers, magazines, bill boards and street cars, and such mediums as are generally used to reach the general public. A campaign to increase the sale of honey must necessarily be gen- eral in its scope and character; it must be educational. It is not sufficient \o tell the aver- ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 319 age writer to eat honey. You must tell him why he should eat honey. Most ot us come from Missouri and we must be shown, and when you are telling the average reader why he should eat honey you are not talking about a food product that is always the same in color, texture or flavor, or that is sold under any uniform seal or brand, but you are just talking honey that may be light, dark or med- ium in color, and may be comb or ex- tracted. It may be one of forty or fifty dif- ferent flavors according to the coun- try or locality which has produced it. A campaign of this nature could be similar to a campaign that was re- cently carried on by the orange grow- ers of California. This campaign told you how bene- ficial oranges were and that you should eat them. Or you have seen the campaign car- ried on by a photographer in your town. The article goes on to tell you why you should have your picture taken, or the picture of your wife or your family or your relatives, j Only yesterday I was reading in the train in which I was on, coming down here, an advertisement on fish. It would not occur to me that you would need to educate the people on the eat- ing of fish; yet there was a space of one -fourth of a page in several of the big daily papers telling you why you should eat fish; why it was nutritious and why it is preferable to meat. And then there is another factor that we must deal with: In regard to advertising to increase the sale of honey and its supply; and when you are dealing with supply you are dealing with an uncertain quantity. With many of you — we had no crop or a half crop; but on the other hand you may have a bumper crop next year. Now we come to the question of money. You can easily see, in order to wage a countrj-wide campaign for the sale of honey, you must have lots of it else the investment is simply money thrown to the winds so far as any profitable result to the bee-keep- er is concerned. Then there must be organization back of this advertising, and get the money together for this campaign; and I ask you if there is a Bee-Keep- ers' Association of today that is so financially constituted that we can un- dertake a campaign of this nature. But if you should decide, after hav- ing the facts in hand, that an adver- tising campaign country-wide to in- crease the sale of honey is not pos- sible — then there is a middle path out of the dilemma, and that is, individual campaigning on the part of each one of you to increase the sale of honey in your own market. Look about you in your own neighbor- hood and you will find there is a de- mand for honey which is latent, which is sleeping, and that all you have to do is to rouse it, and you will be surprised to note the results you will attain by carrying on such a campaign. We will say you are in a community of some 5,000 inhabitants. You produce more honey than you can sell. I would like to ask you what have you done to increase the sale of your honey. Have you made a house to house canvass ? Have you used the newspapers for your advertising? Just for fun try a 4 -inch single column ad in your daily paper for a month and watch the results. And, when you talk to your prospec- tive customers, talk to them as you stand before them when you have- a pound of honey. You must be prepared to furnish your honey and let your prospective custo- mer know where and when he can get it; make it easy for him to get, other- wise the money is lost that you spend for this. We will say that there is a concern that wishes to introduce in your town a baking powder, or a new brand of coffee or easily prepared breakfast food. They rent a small space in your leading grocery store; have a table and a few dishes, an interesting young woman, and proceed to deal out samples. You can do the same thing and can do it easier than an outside concern, and I venture to say that, if you went to your grocer to say you would let him sell your honey in this way after you had exploited it, he probably would not . charge you a cent for the space. In a nutshell, what I am trying to get at is this fact: That the demand for honey is knocking at your door if you will only hear it, and if the average bee-keeper will combine with his honey business a little energy and throw in little bits of personality, apply business principles, and not be afraid to risk a 120 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE dollar (for which he will get $2.00 back) — then he will sell all the honey he can produce. I thank you. Mr. Grabbe — Mr. President: I would like to say a few words. I sell my honey. I am a German. I will try best to explain to you how I sell my honey. I am a bee-keeper since I wag a little boy over there in Germany. I came over here to America and I could not keep bees for years. Of course now I got bees and I got a sign — I keep a little store out here, a little bird store, not in Chicago, and if you would ever like to buy a good singing bird you can come to me; they are as sweet as the honey. I keep a sign in my show window — "Honey for Sale, not produced by my own bees; but gathered by my own bees." I have a son and, when I made the sign, "produced by my own bees," my son said — "Father, you could be just as well a producer of young ducks." Now the people pass by and see that sign. People come into the store and say — "You keep the bees referred to here?" "No, I keep them about five miles away from here." The best thing is to make the people believe you sell honey. Make the ladies and men believe you have that honey. You can sell honey, and the people come round — Is it honey? It looks like honey; it tasteg like honey; it smells like honey — is it honey? I make the people believe that that honey is gathered by my own bees. Last year I had nearly 4,000 lbs. of honey and I sold most every pound in my store. I get 50 cents for a quart. Of course the capital thing is that the people know that it is honey. Now I never spent a cent for adver- tising, even not on my cards. This honey sign is outside and inside be- cause my store is closed on Sundaj-, so ' closing on Sunday it is inside and I take it and put it on the outside. I don't sell honey or birdg on Sunday, I get a good price for my honey. I make the people believe that it is honey, and when they know it is they will buy honey. Most of them are afraid it is glucose. That is all I have to say about my advertisement. Mr. Bruner — I would like to ask w-hat price honey sells for by the quart In Germany? Mr. Grabbe — We sold honey always over there in Germany for about a mark a pound; get about $.25 a pound. Mr. Bruner — The point I wanted to make is this: We are selling honey too cheaply in this country. We are not getting enough money for our honey in this country. If we ask en- ough money for our honey we can af- ford to pay some one to go out, and pay for it. The way to do is to get the money for your honey. Don't be afraid to ask people $.75 to $.80 a quart for your honey. They will pay you for coming to tell them about the honey and pay you for bringing it to them. Am I correct? Mr. Bull — That is the whole thing— that is the whole trouble — you will never get any plac^ , until you put the price on it. Mr. Ahlers — I wafit to say: I sell comb honey myself but I think, when you ask $.70 or $.80 a quart, people are not ready to pay it now. The honey that is produced in the United States would make fifty miles long. We could not sell such a crop of honey at that price. If you go to your neighbors, and farmers and ask to sell them honey at this price they will say, "Oh, w'e have a lot of greens we wall feed the children." Mr. Woodman — How is it that Euro- peans produce five times as much honey per head as we do in this coun- try, or more? People only have one- , fifth as much money to buy with, and yet they buy Ave times as much honey and pay more than our people in this country pay for it. Jt is lack of education. We have to educate the public up to the value of honey. And we have to have our pay for doing it. People are paying for glucose; glu- cose is being advertised and demon- strated in every town. They are not doing that for nothing. There are other concerns doing the same sort of business. , The Singer Sewing 'Machine . Com- pany is selling sewing machines, from house to house. They decided that the best way to do this was to tell each individual the value of the Singer Sewing Machine. They are not selling sewing machines for nothing. They are telling the people to buy sewing machines, but in particular the Singer Sewing Machine. If we got out and told the people the value of honey, we woul,d have no ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 121 trouble in selling the honey and we would get paid for the telling. This is being .done. Mr. Bull and Mr. Ahlers can tell you; they can go next door to where a bee-keeper is getting $.15 a pound and sell honey for $.20. People believe I have the honey. They don't believe the other fellow is putting out as good honey as I am because I have the nerve to get the price. A member — You will And 100 sewing machines in homes where you will find five homes that have honey. Those five homes that have honey show that out of the 100 there are 95 that need honey. There is your field to show your honey. C. Kubick — The rest of the hundred will not use honey; you cannot edu- cate them to the use of honey. People that are buying honey are willing to pay for it, but those that are not using it, many do not want honey; it is not a necessity and is something they can get along without, while with sewing machines, that is different; they are a necessity. • In regard to European people and American: I have had a little experi- ence with both. European people are honey eating people. They produce large quantities of honey and the peo- ple there eat honey. The American people do not. Where you get into a district where the population is mixed and a good many European people, you will sell honey, but in an American neighborhood you may sell a few sec- tions of comb honey but no extracted because they don't believe in it. Wher- ever, too, you see beer used on a large scale, you sell no honey. Mr. Bull — In regard to American peo- ple eating honey, I have sold a few pounds. When you put honey into every home in the United States you will have to produce 25 lbs. where you are producing one now and . they will pay the price. Tou can sell your neighbor honey for any price; you go to a stranger and attempt to sell them honey at about half the price you are selling in the stores, and you see what you will get; they will say they don't want honey; you can't sell honey at that price. Price is the last argument you have to use when you are selling honey. Give quality and you will be paid your price. Mr. Lang — I have had a little ex- perience selling extracted honey. In the first place I could not get rid of it for it candied with me. I had it in fruit jars; it candied a little bit, and there was a German there in the town; he made them believe I mixed that stuff with lard. He says— "That fellow adulterates it or he could not sell it for thirty -five cents a quart. I heard this and I sa,w this German, and he said, "Yes, I said it." I said to him — "I will give you $500 for every ounce of adulterated stuff you find in that honey." There were four or five Amer- ican people who heard me tell him that, and I never had any trouble since in selling my honey; I could sell more if I had it. Mr. Bull — When you get the price up where it belongs it is not half so hard to make people believe you have honey as when you have something cheap. Mr. Kildow — What is "the" price? Mr. Bull — At least twenty cents a pound for extracted honey. I get $1.00 for a five pound can; some places, $1.25; it depends on how far I have to go. For two pounds they pay me fifty cents; 10 lbs., $1.75. That is right around home; when I go farther away they pay me $2.00 for 10 lbs. Mr. Kildow — It is evident to me that Mr. Bull has not been all over the territory. He has lots of territory to go over yet. Mr. Bull — One thousand miles I have been. Mr. Kildow — You will have a thou- sand more to go. Did you ever meet any bee-keepers who sold honey? Mr. Bull — Yes. Mr. Wilbert — What would you say if another bee-keeper sells honey to the same people where you went for one- half your price; if you charged $.20 and they charged $.10, for honey just as good as yours? Mr. Bull — I sell about twice as much honey as they do. That is what hurts the honey business; if they would charge one price, but as long as one bee-keeper undersells I am afraid most of the others will have to. Mr. Bull — I cannot produce enough. If I was to give it away I would quit now. If I have to sell honey for ten cents a pound I quit selling honey. When I work I am going to get some- thing for my trouble. Mr. Baldridge — I have had a little ex- perience in selling honey for the last forty years. I get the same price for 122 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE; liquid honey as I do for comb honey, exactly. I make no difference in price. The -vvorst adulterators in this coun- try — on honey — are bee-keepers, by adulterating the price; that is the worst kind of adulteration. I sell to neigh- bors who can buy honey for ten cents a pound, and I have never for the last five years gotten less than $.24 a pound for liquid and for comb honey; for the last five years I have made no dif- ference in price from one year's end to the other, and I sell to neighbors who can buy honey for ten cents, but they have confidence in my honey because I ask a decent price for it. I would like to say this: I have . talked with a great many bee-keepers over the state of Indiana in regard to the price of honey. There is only one way you get twenty or twenty-five cents a pound for honey, and that is, to ask it. Don't get weak-kneed — but ask the price and stick to it. I have a man who sells honey in a neighborhood where one man sells it at 10 lbs. for $1.25 and he is making a commission on it. I would like to know if anybody here does their Individual advertising, out- side of Mr. Dadant? I would like to know what they do. Mr. Bruner — Mr. Bull does it "pretty broadly. The best sort of advertising is the personal appeal. Get up in front of a man and tell him the truth. There are those who cannot do personal work; there are other means of advertising. That is the best way I know of to sell goods. There are exceptions. When you have something that ought to ap- peal to every person down the street, that is the best way to get at it. Ad- vertising costs money. We are talking about advertising. I don't know of any possible way of getting bee-keepers together on a co-operative advertising scheme; I doubt if it would be feasible because of the variation in the supply. The orange people have the same thing to contend with but they make their sales accordingly. Your advertising campaign for honey has to be laid out in advance. You have to put up your money for a co- operative campaign in advance, and you want to know whether you have honey to sell. Concerns like the American Bee Journal might possibly help us in get- ting up some practical advertising literature for use in our local papers. booklets, circulars and so on, and that is the nearest it seems to me we will ever come to co-operative advertising on this proposition. Different parts of the country have different crops coming on at different seasons. The trade requires honey for different purposes. ' The legitimate object of all advertis- ing is educational. The best advertis- ing that is being run in the newspapers is merely a matter of education. The gentleman a while ago compared the sale of sewing machines with that of honey, and said the people did not use honey, but they could be sold a Singer Sewing Machine; that one was put in nearly every home, either a "Singer" or some sewing machine. And why? The party buying the sewing machine knows how to use it and gets satisfaction out of it. The American people as a rule think of honey as something to put on the table to eat. The reason the European people buy honey, and the reason we do n^t sell honey in the same quanti- ties that they do, is because they use it for cooking. It is not put on the table so much as it is used for cooking. American people do not know about honey; they do not know the uses to which honey may be put- An advertising campaign, if it is un- dertaken, should be undertaken to edu- cate the people as to the use of honey; tell them what honey is for and the different uses to which honey may be applied. I know of a man who went into a certain territory to sell honey; the people asked him what it was for; they had never seen it on the' table any- where; they actually did not know what honey might be treed for. The majority of people in America do not know to what use honey may be put. The booklet that was gotten out by one of the supply houses was a very good thing, but the price of it was pro- hibitive. Something of that sort ought to be gotten out. If the individual bee-keeper would start a campaign of educating the people to the use of honey, the result in the sale of honey might not be felt this year but it would build up a de- mand that would be felt next year. If people knew that they could use it in making cake and use it in tea instead of sugar, or in the many ways that it can be used you will create^a demand V !• ^ f^ ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 123 for honey that does not exist today. That is good advertising. Pres. . Kannenberg — I guess Mr. France can tell us a good deal about selling honey. Mr. France — In regard to this subject of selling honey: "We have pretty well thcashed out the subject of price — but to get the demand! Now I was detailed by our National Association some years ago to come here with $1,400 to advertise honey, to make a demand for honey; make a show at the Pure Food Show. I could not see where it was going to create a demand — and I have yet to see the re- turn for the money so expended. $600 was left, and I have been cen- sured sharply for waiting so long a time to use the balance. I have been studying to know how most bee-keepers sold their honey. I finally went back to my indiviuual ex- perience, and, if I could get each in- dividual to do the same, we would have to hunt for some one to supply the United States with honey. When I have had from 50,000 to 55,- 000 lbs. of honey, and cannot supply my customers, if more individual work would be done, we would wonderfully increase the sale of honey. Now then — to create the demand: Until you get the people to know the value Of. honey, get them to want honey, and to use honey, they are not going to buy it— same as do the peo- ple in the use of the Singer Sewing Machine. I will give you an illustration: One bee-keeper in our state, with 400 colonies of bees, has to buy honey to supply his trade. He keeps a book account, same as a business man would. He has the names of his cus- tomers in an alphabetical list, and he notifies these parties that if they de- sire his honey for next year they must order immediately. The result is, he wrote to me in the early fall: "I am sold out." Let the goods sell itself. The mo- ment a party buys good honey they want more. Their neighbors come in and taste this honey and are told about it, and they want some, and before you know it you are sold out, and it is very hard to find a place where you can get more to supply your customers. But as Mr. Bruner has said — Don't sell one ounce of honey that is un- ripe honey; that will spoil the market. Now as to where or how I used the remaining part of that fund: I found that honey should be used not only for the table, but should be used in the home in cooking, et cetera. And for that reason, speaking of my own experience, when I had a new customer, with their order went one of those little booklets about honey, and I found that the educational value of those booklets amounted to a good deal, and I bought them in a wholesale way and gave them away to bee- keepers — A little honey booklet of 100 uses for honey. True, they are pub- lished by one of our Supply Houses. Now let me give you a little informa- tion: While I ■was giving these away to the bee-keepers, they only paying the postage, one ^ man in Iowa wrote me: "I have that little bundle of booklets, have had it for two weeks and have as much honey on hand as I had before." I wrote back to him: ' "Why, my dear sir, put a candle under a bushel and it does not give any light." Let the Mrs. try some certain recipe, using honey, and invite in the neigh- bors, who ought to be good customers and who are not. This was tried, and before they left eight five gallon cans were sold and a contract was made with the Sunday School Superintend- ent. The week following he was to furnish candy -honey, a square tube for each Sunday School student, on the Christmas tree. Now, when he got the Sunday Schools eating honey, his honey was all sold and he wrote me: "Where can I buy more honey?" He gave each one of them a booklet as he sold the honey; he just started an opening for the goods, and each individual can do the same thing in the same way. Mr. Wilbert — Yes, but what about the price? Mr. France — I cannot sell at the high prices that some do, from the fact that that is a matter of education, but I do not believe in selling at prices so that there is no profit. I sell for 12 cents for extracted honey and 22 to 25 cents for comb honey, that is as low as we have been selling. At wholesale, that is another proposition. There have been some remarks on the consumption being greater in European countries than here. If there is any one here who knows anything about this, I would like to have them 124, FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE answer this question: Is sugar as high there as here? Mr. Bodenschatz — No, it is cheaper. It is about 9 cents a pound, between eight and nine cents; German pounds are heavier than American. Mr. Miller — There is one point that has not been taken into consideration. Mr. Bull sells honey in small pack- ages; it costs money for packages; it costs labor to put them up. The honey has to be melted before it is put in packages. Mr. France sells his honey in large quantities, and of course he can sell it at a lower price. It is not worth so much in 60 lb. cans as when it is put in small packages, two, three or five lbs. Mr. Wheeler — I would like to ask this man from Germany one question — In regard to the manner of the Ger- man bee-keepers dealing with one an- other. In regard to the purity of their products. There is one point that has been missed, that is, the inclination of each individual bee-keeper to injure the sale of his brother bee-keeper's goods by intimating that his is better. You read that in the daily paper, and bee- keepers have sort of harped on this: Our honey is better than so and so's. Glucose people take it up and ac- cuse bee-keepers of adulterating hon- ey, . and there is a general feeling of adulteration among the public. I want to ask this man, if in Germany the people there accuse one another of adulterating honey, as they do in the United States? Mr. Lang — The question is Is such honey as good as it is here? Mr. Wheeler — No, but is the accusa- tion made there as to the adulteration of honey? Mr. Lang — No, not there. Mr. Wheeler — They believe in one another. Mr. Lang — People are not so un- trustworthy as they are here. In America, generally speaking, if you want to sell something and if a man does not know you he thinks you are trying to beat him. Mr. Wheeler — There are people who try to make others think that their honey is the only pure honey. Mr. Lang — I never heard anything of adulteration of honey in the old country. Mr. Grabbe — That could not be done over there at all; it is a law; they make a law for breaking a law. We talk about bee-keepers forming a society, clubbing together. I remem- ber, when I was a little boy over there in Germany, when my uncle went to the first bee-keepers' .convention, when he came home he told my grand- mother: "I never found better people than bee-keepers are." Those other men what mix up that honey with sugar (bee-keeperg here in the LTnited States 'are not such mean men to do such a thing) — over there in Germany it cannot be done. Mr. Wheeler — I don't accuse anybody of doing it. I don't think they adulter- ate it. Mr. Grabbe — In tTie old country al- most the same price was got for honey as for butter. And another thing over there. I have been over there a couple of times from here, and at the hotel over there, for breakfast, always you have honey on the table; they eat very much more honey over "there than we do here. I asked my aunt, "What are those people buying so much honey for?" "They say if you eat honey on the New Year they will be sweet the whole year." Now if we eat honey here we will get much sweeter. Mr. Wheeler — The point I want to make is, and I think it is a good one for bee-keepers to think about: In the old country the people believe in each other; they believe eadh other is honest, and they do not try to accuse eath other of being dishonest, and in that waj' they sell more honey. * You have to know people here, and know them, personally, before they be- lieve that what you have is good stuff, because they seem lo think. that bee- keepers as a rule adulterate their honey. I do not have any more trouble than the rest of you but it is in the air. I talked to a man the other day who got hold of sweet clover honey. He said — "It doesn't taste right. It hag a kind of muddy color; it is no honey at all. I know good honey.'' And I could not persuade him otherwise. He bought my honey anfl he seemed to think it was pure beca'use the taste suited him. ' vh I think if people \^uld use more care in selling their honey product, and not try to knock the other fellow, they would succeed better., Mr. Dadant — Mr. President: Since we last met here our^Vice-President, ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 125 Mr. Cavanagh, has left us, and I move you that the committee write up some resolutions sending our sympathy to Mrs. Cavanagh, and that a set of reso- lutions be spread on the minutes of this meeting. Motion seconded and carried. Mr. Miller — I would suggest that, if there are other resolutions to be offered, they be handed in. Pres. Kannenberg — The next thing on our program is a talk on Bee Cellars —by Mr. E. S. Miller. Bee Cellars. (By E. S. Miller.) Mr. Chairman, Brother Bee-Keepers: It is estimated that in the northern part of the United States the average winter loss of bees wintered out of dodrs is between 20 and 40 per cent. I think it was the Secretary of the Mas- sachusetts State Bee-Keepers' Associa- tion that sent out several hundred let- ters to prominent bee-keepers and others asking them to report the num- ber of losses, either two or three years ago, and. from this he made an estimate that about 40 per cent of the bees were lost in that year in wintering. Now the losses in cellar wintering are nearly as great as the losses of bees wintered outside, and chiefly be- cause the proper conditions are not maintained. I believe if we winter bees in the cellar the cellar should be properly con- structed. Several conditions must be observed in the construction of bee cellars and of the bees before they are placed in the cellar. I think that as early as August we should go through the colonies and see that every colony has a good queen; that there are plenty of bees and plenty of stores. I make a practice of strengthening all weal colonies by taking queens away from colonies where there are undesir- able queens, a colony of queens that are very old or not pure blood. In August, and again in October, I lift the hives and if there are any light combs I put in plenty of combs of honey. Again, before putting the bees into the cellar I do the same thing. If I find it necessary to give them combs of honey I do so, removing the empty comb. It is surprising to find how much a colony will go down in weight between the first of October and the first of De- cember. Now so much in regard to the condi- tion of bees before going into the cellar. In making a bee cellar there are some important things to take into consideration: One is temperature. In order to have proper temperature in the bee cellar, it should be entirely underground. The top of the cellar should not extend above the surface of the ground. The ordinary house cellar constructed two or three feet out of ground is not a suitable place for keeping bees over the winter. Another important thing is the venti- lation. I know there are plenty of people who say that bees require but little ventila- tion. Some people claim you can cover the bees all up without any means of al- lowing air to enter and they will come through all right. I tried that and nearly all came through all right. I kept them in a sand bank; twenty or thirty stands; two rows face to face, with a space of two or three feet be- tween, and a covering over that sand, and only two colonies were lost, but the air must have come through in some way. There are other people who claim that in ventilating the cellar all that is necessary is to have an opening at the top. I have here attempted to make a drawing to show what I mean by that. I think it was Mr. Hutchinson, editor formerly of the Review, who claimed that. We had quite a little discussion over it. He claimed the opening from the top into the cellar was sufficient. I disagreed with him. His cellar was constructed some- thing upon this plan. (Illustrating.) Here was the opening, probably 3 ft. long, 1% ft. wide. His claim was that that furnished sufficient air. I do not think so. I bought a piece of ground with building and cellar a nuijiber of years ago. We had that kind of an arrange- ment, and I found in the spring of the year — (The old gent of whom I bought it said that was to be left open in the winter so that the bees could get air). I tried it and the result was I lost half of the bees the first thing. I tried it 126 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE another year, shutting it down, and the loss was not so many. A pound of air occupies 12 cubic feet. If heated it expands. If we put the bees into the cellar and the weather turns cold what is going to happen? This warm air being lighter will pass out slowly and the cold air run in, and we have nothing but cold air in there and moisture. Suppose the temperature rises out- side and it gets warmer outside, then what is the result? Will that cold air go out? No. it will stay there nearly all winter and all next summer. The cellar is w-arm along this time of the year (December) and cool in the spring because the cool air gets in and is heavier and cannot get out. Now another thing in regard to the moisture. If air contains moisture and it does where the gees are eating honey and giving off moisture in carbon- dioxide; if the air contains moisture and cool air comes in there it will be damo and cold, and, inside, the hives will be wet; and water will run down from outside the hives. Bees will lose in number; many of them will die, and they will also lose in vitality, so that in the spring you are going to lose more bees because they have not the vitality. After I had tried this cellar, I made this sort of arrangement: (Illustrat- ing) — Here is the cellar; here is the W'orkshop; up there is an attic store room. Here is a stove. Here is what I did: I put in a 6- inch tile, extending out this way about 50 feet. I didn't have any chimney at first but I found when the wind was blowing from the w-est, southwest or northwest the air passes through this tile and the wind blew through the tile as hard as out doors and brought air in here to the bottom of the cellar. As- that air was warm with bees it would rise towards the ceiling. I built a chimney from the bottom of the cellar up through the building above extending at the top a distance of 25 or 30 feet. The opening is at the bottom, not at the top. I found by putting the bees in this kind of a cellar they wintered almost perfectly as long as the air is warmer in the cellar than outside. There will be no condensation — but in the spring, when the air gets warmer outside, then the air coming through there will cause condensation if there is suffi- cient moisture, but a draft through there is sufficient to sweep out that moisture. . • In the last six years my average losses have been less t'han one per cent. I would like to know if there are any out of door bee-keepers who can beat it. In one yard we never had a loss, winter or spring, in two years, that is from the time the bees were put in until fruit bloom; two seasons and no loss. In other yards there was a loss of a couple of colonies because they were not in proper condition when we put them in in the fall; ! they probably were queenless. You notice this, here, (illustrating) is the ground line, that the top of the cellar comes even with the ground. This is to help keep a constant tem- perature. The air passes out at the bottom; it goes in at the bottom; as it is heated it rises. The air is pure. The bees come out strong and in excellent con- dition in the spring. Mr. Wheeler — What does the stove have to do with it? Mr. Miller — Nothing, or^iinarily, but if we have a large number of bees in the cellar and we are afraid there might not be air enough — if you start a fire in that stove it will increase the current of air up that chimney. But at nearly any time during the winter if ^ you hold a lighted match over here the current of air is sufficiently strong to extinguish the flame. That chimney works all the time. This works only when the wind is in the right direction. I tried putting a similai; one on the other side but I found the air passes through considerably, but the chimney is the thing that works all the time, carrying a current of air through the cellar. I found by testing the thermometer at this intake that in warm weather when the thermoneter outside got up to 60 or 65 degrees, the temperature lowered very greatly in passing through here; in cool weather the thermometer would rise. I have some readings here I took a year ago. I will give you some of those readings to show the change of ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 127 the thermometer as the air passes through. I took probably twenty dif- ferent readings along through Febru- ary and March; some of those readings when the thermoneter was down to zero and. I found that in the intake the thermometer had been raised 15 or 20 degrees. I took other readings when the ther- mometer outside was from 60 to 65 de- grees, and I found it had been lowered. The average thermometer inside here was between 50 and 45 degrees. I would rather have had it higher. I have in a double floor since, so as to keep it warm, and the thermometer can be kept higher. Another point I want to call atten- tion to is this: The cellar should be kept as nearly air tight as possible to keep out the cold air. If the cold air gets in there you can hardly get it out unless it is by means of this chimney. If you have no outlet that cold air -will stay in all winter and the bees will be cold and damp. The cellar extends IVz feet from ceiling to floor. This cellar is built of concrete. I have three cellars of concrete cement blocks. A member — Do you place the colonies in tiers? Mr. Miller — Yes. I formerly put three hives high; then four; and now I am piling them six. I place the back of the hive to wall, leaving the front hollow. I do not remove cover or bottom board, but give them 7-8 inch space across hive. Place one hive directly on top of the other. In removing the bottom board it is apt to disturb the bees, and in this case it is not necessary because they pass through the winter all right without it. Mr. B. F. Kindig — What is the size of the cellar, and what the size of the intake and outlet you use? Mr. Miller — In this particular cellar, € inch intake, but I advise a larger one, 8 or 10 inch intake. The cellar is 18 X 20, outside. I have another cellar built especially for bees; the other one is 16x20; it will hold very nicely 100 colonies; but you can put 200 in just as well. If you have 200 in there the ther- mometer is higher and with high tem- perature you have more current and the air will pass through more rapidly. I reside in Valparaiso, Ind. A member — What is the idea of hav- ing the intake so long? Mr. Miller — To warm the air as it passes in to the bees, for one reason. Another reason is so that you can get a horizontal direction in the tube. The wind moves horizontally and not verti- cally. The wind is the force that car- ries it through there. The wind pressure carries the air through the underground tube. Mr. Coppin — It does not make much difference in regard to which way the wind is blowing; it is the difference in the thermometer; the temperature is warmer in the cellar than it is outside. Mr. Miller — Through the chimney, yes. And the more difference there Is in the temperature, the more air will travel; and that tile, the longer it is — it should be long enough for the air to be tempered on the ground before it reachers the cellar, or else it will cool it off too much. And then again, if the thermomete'r on the outside gets to be the same as the temperature on the inside, your ventilation will stop entirely (unless the wind blows). Then your stove will be necessary in the room above to start a little fire; that will give you internal heat and start your ventilation. So it is necessary in order to have ventilation all the time that you should have that stove in the upper room and not have it down in the cellar, because that would interfere with the ther- mometer of your cellar; but have it in the room above and it will not inter- fere with the thermometer in the cellar. It will just raise the temperature in the flue and the draft will go in the tile and up the flue and give the venti- lation the bees need. Mr. Miller — If you have clay ground you'd better use vitrified tile and cement joints. If I had time I might show by chemi- cal mathematical equation just how much oxygen these need. Mr. Coppin — I experimented a little one time. I had 100 colonies of bees in the cellar and the temperature got to 49 in the cellar and 49 outside, and above the cellar I had a stove in the room, and I went and put a thermome- ter in the room above, w-ent into the cellar and measured the air that was traveling through the flue into the cellar and found there was 640 cubic 128 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORt OF THE feet per minute traveled, and I went up above the stove and found the ther- nrOmeter was 70 in the flue. I had 100 colonies of bees and 640 cubic feet per minute of air. How much air the bees required I do not know. That would be enough for six men, a horse or a mule; I do not know how much the bees require. In order to produce heat, bees, or any other animal, must consume oxygen. If we were to estimate that from De- cember 1st to April 1st, about 120 days, a colony of bees will consume eighteen lbs. of honey, 100 colonies in summer would consume 1,800 lbs., or 15 lbs. a day. Taking 15 lbs. a day would require 16 lbs. of oxygen. It would produce 22 lbs. of carbon dioxide and 9 lbs. of water. Now 16 lbs. of oxygen would occupy under normal pressure a temperature of about 200 cubic feet; about one-fifth of the air is oxygen; so it would have to have about 1,000 cubic feet of air per day to suply 100 colonies. Now one thousand cubic feet a day would mean 40 cubic feet per minute. The cellar must be ventilated to give them oxygen and in order to carry off water vapor. I assume here that all the oxygen they breathe would be used up but it is not. I do not know what percentage of oxygen is taken out of the air by res- piration of the bees, but nearly all. It would require not one thousand but several thousand cubic feet oi air per day to supply that number of bees and we cannot get that by making an , opening in the top of the cellar alone. If we do not give the bees enough oxj'gen they will lose in vitality but we will lose in bees. Dr. Brinckerhoff — Have you noticed a difference in bees in vitality ih thje upper tier and lower tier? Mr. Miller — I have noticed this, that the upper tiers are brighter because the temperature is higher at the top of the cellar than it is at the bottom of the cellar. After a large number of readings I found a difference of 1 to 2 degrees up near the ceiling and near the floor. It is hard to tell about vitality be- cause ordinarily in putting bees in the cellar we have to put the light colonies at the top because they are not so heavy to lift. On February 24 the temperature out- side was 12 degrees; at the intake it was 32 and at the outlet 40 (a light wind). On March 2d the temperature was, 2 degrees above zero outside. At the in- • take it was 18, showing a difference of 16 degrees between the outside ther- mometer and the thermometer inside where the air passes through the in- take. Another reading: On the 19th of March the outside temperature was 63 degrees and at the intake it was 53, showing that the air was cooled 13 de- grees in passing through the tile. This shows that the tile has some real as well as theoretical value. When it was 63 degrees outside and 50 at the intake, the thermometer in- side was also 50. Mr. France — How long is that tile? Mr. Miller — That tile at that time was about 40 feet. It should be at least twice that; it should be made larger and longer. Mr. France — It goes in 7% feet under ground ? Mr. Miller — Yes, it goes in near the floor. Mr. Miller — A gentleman from Idaho wrote me about wintering bees in the cellar. He had 1,000 colonies and he wanted to put them in the cellar to winter. I suggested to him, instead of run- ning the tile in there for that number of colonies, I would build a room and have the air go through the room and modify the temperature before the air gpes through, by artiflcial heat. Mr. Dadant — As I understand it, this is closed four sides? Mr. Miller — I have a hatch way out- side, opening in top, but I close that up, windows double boarded, filled in. In the cellar way I have a tight door and a door over the hatchway. Mr. Schmidt — If there is much mois- ture it shows the temperature is too low, otherwise water would not collect there. Mr. Wheeler — Do your bees get enough water? Mr. Miller — Yes, they do. I have never known the time when they were too dry but I have known the time when they were too wet before proper ventilation was put in. I have carried 100 colonies in a cel- lar, like "this, with?«a temperature 38 degrees, without losing a colony, but ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 129 that is too cold; it is much better to have it eight or ten degrees higher. A member — Do you have any trouble with the entrance getting clogged with snow? Mr. Miller— Put boxes over to keep the snow out; lift it so that the air can get in. Mr. Rattig — Is there any time when the cellar would probably be too cold during the winter? Mr. Miller — As I said a while ago: This cellar kept almost at a constant temperature of 38 degrees, all winter; that is too cold. I believe the time will come when we will consider the proper temperature to be not more than 45 degrees; I think that is the general standard. Mr. Miller — Dr. Miller has had some experience with that. Dr. Phillips was out to my place and went, to see Dr. Miller. He wrote me afterwards that the temperature of Dr. Miller's cellar was higher than mine and his bees were in better condition. Dr. Phillips claims that the bees are quiet up to 56 or 57 degrees until they begin to get active on account of the heat. Mr. Baldridge — At what point in the cellar do you place the thermometer? Mr. Miller — At the intake — at the outlet, and near the ceiling and the floor. According to the reading; I have read this temperature about the middle of the cellar and about 1 1-2 foot from the top; and I have found, in every case where I have measured it, the temperature at the outlet was the same as the temperature at a point near the ceiling. Mr. Rattig — What would be your opinion if you have to have a fire over- head to lay a slide that would be al- most air-tight and let it draw the heat down, or made a draft clear around the foundation and let it go out? Mr. Miller — The air would go down because the height of the chimney is above where it circulated down. If we are going to pass warm air into the cellar I believe we should be exceed- ingly careful or we will get the tem- perature too high. Mr. Wheeler — Don't you think the natural temperature of the earth 10 feet below the surface is nearly 45 degrees and if you shut up the outside naturally it would take care of the right temperature? Mr. Miller — I do not know exactly what the temperature would be. I imagine it would be less than 45 de- grees in cold weather, and the heat of the bees would help to raise it. A member — The outlet should run up because warm air is lighter and prevents it from rising. Mr, Miller — The outlet of the air must go up because warm air rises. Mr. Wilbert — Would it make any dif- ference if it were straight from the bottom cellar floor up? Mr. Miller — The only reason for slanting it up is to get to the top of the ground. It should run to the west because the prevailing winds are from the west. Mr. France — I have five constructed almost the same, with one difference in the construction: I was fortunate in each of my cellars to select a slope of ground to the southeast, by which this could be a gradual decline in case of water, it is likely to drain. I have a doorway near the ceiling. That is kept tight except late in the spring. When the temperature gets too warm in the cellar, with the heat of the bees, then I can open this and get it down to 42 degrees up to fruit bloom. , Dr. Phillips is bringing a point to bear we had not thought of seriously: That every particle of honey that the bees are consuming is about 20 per cent water, and we have got to make provision for the escape of that mois- ture, as the moisture will accumulate and form a dampness and tire out the bees to get rid of that by circulating of bees. Mr. Schmidt — I have a bee cellar too, built of concrete walls up six feet high, 60 feet long, wide enough to hold two tiers, of solid roof. I put my bees into that cellar, pack them in cases; set them three high, both rows open with ventilator in door; the wind will pass through and give the proper ventila- tion, and my bees will come out fine every spring. Mr. Wheeler — Are your bees at the top of the cellar? Mr. Schmidt — Yes. Mr. Wheeler — The temperature of the ground, you consider, will keep your cellar cool until fruit bloom. Mr. France — You want your wall underground if possible. Mr. Schmidt — I keep my cellar about —9 130 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL, REPOtlT OF THE 32 degrees only, as low as that, and then they are nice and quiet. They are packed in shavings, you under- stand. On the first day of March I set them all out again. Mr. Erbaugh — I would like to say a word in regard to Dr. Phillips' investi- gations, and Mr. Clark. They have found that the best temperature — the temperature at which . the bees will remain quiet the longest — is 57 de- grees, but at this high temperature they do occasionally need water. They get too dry; instead of the combs be- coming mouldy, the bees need "water. Dr. Phillips says that 57 degrees is the best temperature. Mr. Wheeler — I winter 300 or more hives in one cellar, all underground. I keep it as tight as I can get it. I do not pay any attention to ventilation, but there is a four inch drain. I do not object at all to the hives being wet. I have never found that water is any detriment. My combs will be mouldy in the spring, and I find the bees at the bot- tom are always the stronger. I find that the ones at the top are weaker; but I do as Dr. Miller does: put the light ones at the top. Mr. Bull — In wintering above ground you have not so much moisture, and you do not need so much moisture, be- cause my temperature in my cellar is lower than 40. Sometimes it gets down to as low as 20, and it is all right. My bees are perfectly quiet and come out in the spring and swarm in May. Pres. Kannenberg — Well, they know you. Mr. Bull— I had swarms the first of May last year. Mr. Miller — I might add one point in regard to bee cellars — In regard to the cost. A good cement bee cellar, 16 x 20, will cost approximately $250; in this part of the country if we wintered those 100 colonies out of doors and lost one-fourth of them, and paid for double walled hives and packing — it does not take very long for a bee cellar to pay for itself. I put 123 colonies in bee cellars in five hours, alone, not long ago. A member — "What do you do in early spring ? Mr. Miller — I do not set them out until along about the first week in April and they are all right. Mr. Schmidt — I set mine out the first of March. They are all packed and will not fl5" until it gets warmer. Mr. Miller — Another point is: We have to take into consideration the cost of labor and depreciation. Hives that are kept in the cellar, and are kept dry, have very little depreciation; they will last a lifetime. If you count up the cost of deprecia- tion, etc., you will find that a good cellar is the cheapest and easiest, and the best way of "wintering bees. We have to have, of course, loss of colonies outside. J Mr. Schmidt — I; have 'wintered in the cellar several winters that way with great success. Mr. Dadant — Wintering beeg in the cellar I think depends on the locality. Where your honey is such that the bees will winter on it, if you have not clover or something else like that, cellar win- tering is best; but suppose, like three years ago, we had honey dew. The bees will not winter on in the cellar on that. They have to get out and fiy every time they get a chance. Mr. Roehrs — I think it depends upon locality, when we should put bees in the cellar and take them out. My experi- ence around Chicago has been this: If I can manage it, the later I put them in the earlier I can take them out, the better for me. I understand Mr. Schmidt ver>- well when he refers to packing bees. I pack my bees in the fall and, when it gets cold. I will put rny bees in the cellar, but I will get them out in the spring early and ^ack them again. ^I put my bees out as early as the first of March if I can do it. I have double walled hives and pack them carefully and my bees do better than any way I have tried. I will not gainsay that if you have a bee cellar that is perfect, according to your locality, you can do better; but this is the way I find ou^for my- self in my locality. I believe the longer you can have the bees outside, the better. Mr, Dadant — Mr. France has had lots of experience with cellar wintering and outside packing, we would like to hear what he thinks about it. Mr. France — For a good many years we used to winter outdoors. We win- * tered about 600 colonies. I had to keep count of the colonies and in the Spring give a report to my father, I had to report in the spring, and ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 131 when I told him that such a. colony was dead I had to report the reason why. But this taug'ht me some good les- sons. The hives that we used, in substance, for the last two years have formed our wood pile and I have quit using that kind of hive. The cost in losses by outdoor wintering would pay for a bee cellar. I put up a new' cellar this fall, 15x22. The cellar alone, ready to put building on, cost me $90.00. Put a bee house above for the convenience it would furnish. If there ig a leisure hour dur- ing 5'our convention I would like to speak of it. Mr. Rattig — About building a cel- lar on the side of a hill, it would be necessary to double wall where one end would be exposed to the weather. Would it be proper to make the cellar double walled and fill in? Mr. France — It would be better to do that. A member — My cellar is built on the side of the hill. My south wall is built up, boarded on the inside and filled in between with dry sawdust; this stops the cold all right; I walk right in from the level, right from the outside. Mr. Dadant — Here is a question that has come in. Question — Does Mr. Miller find any saving in stores by cellar wintering; if so, how much? Mr. Miller — I do not believe I can answer that question. I do not know just what consumption of stores would be outside, although I tried wintering outside for several years and lost about from 40 to 50 per cent of bees when I did so. I have estimated that it is about fifteen pounds. It might be less; some years more and some years less. I have thought of weighing the hives in and out of cellars to test that out but found there was a great deal of labor connected with it. Mr. Dadant — We want to hear from Mr. France on the convenience of that cellar he spoke of. Mr. France. — There is one thing I would like to answer in regard to this cellar wall being out of ground: For convenience I always selected my outyards on sloping ground to the southeast; that would leave the lower - side wall necessarily out of ground. I saved the soil that came out of the cellar to back up with inside with the exception of the runway which is long, with double doors in through so that we can go in on the level from the yard. I have an abund- ance of inlet and outlet for fresh air. I use 80 feet of six inch tile, coming in under the cellar wall for inlet, and a . foot square box tube from bottom of cellar to roof of house above for outlet. Have a hinged door in outlet near ceiling to open in case the cellar gets top warm. The cellar walls should be all un- derground thus avoiding outside weather to affect inside temperature. Another thing — We used to have a Wisconsin man who came down here, who wintered his bees by sealing that cellar and putting sawdust in. He has now passed away. I was down there to help the boys finish up the honey season. I called their attention to the fact that the floor was sinking. There was quite a crop of honey on the floor but the floor was sinking. They found that the sawdust packed between did not get ventilation, and the result was dry rot, and you could pick the joist with your fingers. If you pack absorbents between cel- lar joists it will soon dry rot the joist. Better have dead air space and pack- ing over floor above. I advised them that dead air space would be much better. In all my buildings I have paper lined on the underside of the joist and little common forest leaves put on the floor in winter; then the joist will not dry rot. As to the convenience of cellar win- tering: It used to require, when labor was cheaper than now, more men to pro- duce less honey than now. We had to have one man whose business it was to attend to the fau- cets; brought the honey from the ex- ' tractor in pails and put it in the strainer, and then in cans, and put it in the wagon. Now that is overcome by having a bee house and bee cellar. It is a pleasure to me now to produce extracted honey. I have several out apiaries with beehouse over bee cellar at each apiary, and the hives and sup- plies remain in the apiary. The honey as it comes from the field. 132 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE the whole super is wheeled directed in- to the building. From 75 to 85 colonies can now be extracted in a day. We can get home with the honey in time for supper and go to another apiary next day. We place the escape boards the day before extracting, so that the bees on arrival are out of the supers. In a few moments after arrival, the wheelbarrow with two hive bodies of 10 Langstroth frames well sealed go into the beehouse by the side of boy uncapping combs. These are exchanged for two hive bodies of extracted combs which are exchanged in apiary for more full ones. One man at the extractor keeps five of the old style uncapping knife men pretty busy. Now the one steam knife uncaps easily all combs, while one 6 frame extractor does the rest. As the combs go into the extractor, which is bolted to the floor, the faucet is left wide open on the extractor so that the honey while it is warm from the hives runs through a tin tube which runs through the floor, to the strainer and storage tank below. There is no one up there to watch the faucets — ^and no more honey spills. At the close of day your honey is ready to can; one boy can quickly draw off the strained honey into 10 gallon milk cans to be loaded into wagons for home. I put in the heaviest milk cans to transfer the honey from the outyards to the home j-arda I also have a tin trough under cappings which conducts the honey to the same tanks below. These conveniences in the extractor have disposed of two hired men per day in the yard, and it is not easy in my locality to pick up anybody and every- body. And my little boy thinks it is fun to take care of the honey that we" can extract in a day. Let me give you an illustration of what one man is accomplishing by hav- ing a bee cellar: The evening before he wishes to ex- tract, he goes out and places his es- cape boards, and he finds his bees out of the supers on his arrival in the morning. Before breakfast next morning he is able to wheel ipto the beehouse as many hive bodies as he can extract during the day, which is about twenty to twenty-five a day, with his other work. He is working alone, having his little girl to help him. He has a hive lifting device by which he can lift the hive body off from the hive without any extra heavy labor and swing it around and lower it on the wheelbarrow. Wheeling that to the house — ^with small pulleys it is hoisted to the room above the cellar into the beehouse. A gasoline stove is lighted before breakfast so that he Keeps some heat up through those hive bodies. After breakfast he starts the engine going and goes up stairs, and with a steam knife and this frame reversible extractor he can finish up the day's work and the honey Tuns through a tin tube in floor to strainer and stor- age tank below. Mr. Rattig — How is the strainer made? Mr. France — A round can with a par- tition running to within a scant half inch of the bottom. The honey'goes in on one side and has to -run underneath and up on the other side.- In this first inlet side we have a tinned wire cloth by which all particles or cappings are caught. The first strainer is about 30 inches in diameter and 2 feet deep. Mr. Dadant — It simply goes in there gradually. Pres. Kannenberg — What kind of wire have you in front? Mr. France — Regular screen wire, only it is tinned to prevent corroding or rusting. There there is a faucet at the bot- tom, of that gravity strainer. Mr. Wheeler — Do you find that grav- ity strainer does the work better? Mr. France— So much better that I have discarded the cheese-cloth strain- ers; the gravity strainer seems to do so much better. There are some little particles that will get through cheese- cloth that do not go through the grav- ity strainer. I do not want it to s'tand too long; I think if it stands too long it changes the flavor to some extent — the aroma that is in the honey; the longer it stands the more we lose of it; and when honey becomes granulated and is warmed over we lose that prime flavor. Pres. Kannenberg — Are there any questions? Mr. Dadant — Tonight we will have Mr. Mosier's paper on Sweet Clover. ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 133 The farmers of Illinois are going more and more to the fertilization of the land. If we could get the farmers to use sweet clover we would have a honey flow every year. Question — How shall I feed bees in winter with no honey in sight? Mr. Bodenschatz — I think the best thing is to use sugar, candied or syrup. Mr. Wilbert — Which way would you make your candy? Mr. Baldridge — Is that question — How shall I feed bees in winter? Mr. Dadant — Yes — "with no honey in sight"? Mr. Baldridge — I feed them in Sep- tember or in August. Mr. Wheeler — Why is that question always put in a bee convention, Mr. Chairman? I do not think it is the place for it. I think the Journals or the bee papers will tell you what to do. The feeding of bees: Bee-keepers bring up that question nearly every time we have a meeting. We are told in every periodical that is written how to feed, and how to mix it and what to do. It is used as a handle against us. I do not blame you for w-anting to know something that you do not know, if you do not, but at the same time every paper that you get hold of will mention this. Pres. Kannenberg — Buy an ABC in Apiculture — Mr. Miller will tell you how to feed bees in winter. Mr. Wheeler — I have an idea that Dadant's Revised Version of Bee-keep- ing would do it. Question — Is it customary to wash new honey cans and pails?* Mr. Bull — In regard to pails — I would say, whether it is customary or not, it is proper. I would not care to eat honey myself without having the pail washed. I wash my pails and rinse them and dry the water out over heat. You have to do it with friction top cans. The 60 lb. cans I would wash the same way, but would not wash them until I got ready to use them. Mr. Bull — If I use cans the second time I leave the hpney in them until I. get ready to use them, and then wash them. Drain the water out the best you can. There will be about a teaspoon- ful left in a 60 lb. can; holding it up cornerw^ays and then straight you will get practically all of it out. If the can is pretty hot with hot water, the heat of the can will draw most of the water out. Mr. Bull — There is one way to get all the water out; if it stays long enough, right side up in the sun, it will get all the water out. Mr. Wheeler — I have tried for days to dry cans out that way and failed. Question — Why do manufacturers make "V" edges on frames ? Mr. Dadant — I suppose this means the "V" edge on the Hoffman frame. Mr. Van Wingarden — It is very evi- dent that the bee-keeper wants that and that is the reason they make them. I think if we had no "V" edge on the Hoffman frame tlTere would be less propolis. Mr. Dadant — I think they are made both ways; at least we make them both ways. Mr. Bull — All I have to say about the Hoffman frame, I wish that I did not have them. I use a plain frame with a middle spacer. The frames of my supers are nailed up without any spacer on them. You have a frame that is a frame. If you drop that frame you cannot hurt it any. It does not break the frame to drop it. Does it leak a little? Certainly, they are bound to, but the frames will hold. Mr. Kindig — ^Do I understand you use the metal space frames? Mr. Wheeler — That binds the top bar down; you can walk on them if you want to and j^ou cannot break them. Mr. Dadant — Your frames are not in- terchangeable, then? Mr. Bull — No, I don't want them to be. My extracting frames never go into the brood chamber. Question — What is the best waj- to melt up old combs? Mr. Bull — I used the Hatch press; set the combs out in boiling water; wash them out good and use the Hatch press. If you w^anted to do it in a wholesale way, you would want some- thing larger. Mr. France — Just one thing I would like to call your attention to; with old combs or otherwise, do not overheat the wax; if you do you will spoil it. Mr. Bull — Do not let the water and wax bubble up, because the water bub- bling will make little round holes of that wax; there w-ill be just that much waste. Do not allow your wax to boil. Stir it up and, as soon as it gets hot enough, run it through the press. 134 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OP THE Mr. Bull — If you use the presn you will not lose much wax. Mr. Dadant — Last fall at this meet- ing, Mr. Cavanagh and I had quite an argument about the different kinds of presses we used; I used the Hershiser and he the Hatch. I asked him ^o send me all of his slumgum from his Hatch press. He finally agreed to send it to me. We have steam heat that we turn in- to the press, without having to use any fire under it, and it is convenient be- cause you can turn your heat the minute you want to. He sent two barrels of slumgum; from one I secured 25 lbs. of beeswax, and from the other, 33 lbs. I sent him $4.58 for one batch and $7.50 for the other. That was just the slumgum from the Hatch press. My contention is this: The Her- shiser — not that I am trying to push the Hershiser press — but the Hershiser has the old combs under water; wax is lighter than water. The minute you relase that wax it goes to the top. With the Hatch press, as I under- stand it, you melt your combs and pour them in sacks and squeeze it. I do not care how good an operator you are, some of that wax is not going to come out. Mr. Dadant — With the Hatch press, as I understand it, you do not heat your combs except before you put them in; there is no heat around your press at all; you are bound to have some wax left in that slumgum. We have an old cider press but in- stead of the wooden part we have steam coils. That is one thing that the Hershiser does do, it gets clear through the whole thing; every bit of that wax will go out. We have saved slumgum from the Hershiser press and tried to run it through again and never got a bit of wax, and I have not seen this true of slumgum from any other press that runs under water. It stands to reason that, if it is un- der water, the minute your wax is re- leased it goes to the top and never gets back into your slumgum. Wax at thirty cents a pound is worth saving. Mr. Bull — If you run the slumgum once through the Hatch press you are going to get some, but if you run it the second time you will not. Mr. Dadant — Did you ever try burn- ing the slumgum? Mr. Bull — Yes; it usually varies; you cannot get it dry enough to burn. The second time you can make day's wages, counting your time at $2.00 a day. You have to operate that press right. I have very little wax left; most all the wax runs immediately out of the press. Mr. Wheeler — I put my frames in and steam them until they melt down; then put them in the press afterwards. I use the old scheme that Mr. Hutchin- son used to use — putting the frames into a basket and letting the combs melt down; take your frames out and shake them off, and let what wax will run through. The slumgum is in the receiver. After you get enough slum- gum, put in the press and press it out. I have tried putting into a sack and cutting out the frames and I never made a success of it; it seems to hang to the sack and boards and everything else. I heat the old . combs up with steam instead of hot water. Mr. Bull — There is no doubt there are lots of better ways than I = am doing but I handle a few boilers full of wax. The Hatch press costs $6.00. Mr. Rattig — Do I understand you press your wax undei- water? Mr. Dadant — The combs. The press is a square can full of water; when you press down, the wax floats to' the top; runs out in the spout. Mr. Prance — I have had quite a bit of experience in rendering up old combs over the state in the last twenty years. I have never seen a wax press that will get practically all of the wax as does the Hershiser press. The principle in- volved in the Hershiser press is excel- lent." If you take a sponge and put one drop of ink in it and put it in water and rinse it, your water is black; put it in again and you will finally get it all out. The idea is, rinsing and re- rinsing all the time under hot water; but, as Mr. Bull says, the difference in the cost is an item. I have used more of. the Hatch presses, for the reason it is easier for me to take around over the state; but, if I have to take the ordinary condi- tions as I find them in many places, I find that the slumgum is mixed with wax. In one place where we were in a hurry, I told the party that there was a lot of wax in the slumgum and that it would pay him to run it over; it would have paid him many tinaes over $2.00 per day in that lot. We have tried at home to burn the ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 135 slumgum when there is not wax enough left in it, to make fuel, but as for getting the largest percentage of wax I have not seen anything that in- volves the principle of the Hershiser press. Mr. Wheeler — You think, Mr. France, that is better than steam — the ' hot water more penetrating than steam? There are presses where steam melts the wax and the wax runs down on a platform and out. Mr. France — The water in contact with the wax seems to separate better than steam; steam is a more conven- ient way to work it; but, when you come to the actual percentage of wax you can get out of it, I want lots of water with the wax. Mr. Simmons — Don't you think the washing of wax with water is an ad- vantage in purifying and cleaning the wax? Mr. Dadant — I have not had much experience with the Hatch, to state the percentage, Mr. France — So far as quality is concerned, I do not think there is any difference. You will get it a little cleaner of sediment with the Hatch press than with the others. Mr. Bull — You have to re -melt it all anyhow the second time. Mr. France — I find we can have a very nearly perfect wax with one melt- ing if we allow an abundance of hot water for the wax to run into and re- main hot for a long time in cooling. The more water we use in the stor- age in which it cools finally, the clean- er and better the wax, so that the bot- tom of the cake will be practically clean, and you can rub off with the hand all dirt or sediment on the under side of the cake. Second hand tin cans I have found very good to cool wax in. Mr. Bull — I use 60 lb. cans, with the top out; sometimes you can take a cake out of there in 48 hours and that wax is clean. Mr. Coppin — Don't you skim it out at the top before it cools off? That is the way I do mine. There is always something that rises to the top that would not look so well, and I skim it off, and then I can scrape the bottom off and one scraping is all that I need. I do not disturb the wax. I just skim off a little black substance. Mr. Wheeler — I think this point of the clarifying of wax is something that each ought to study a little more. It has taken me a great many years to find how to get wax. I stumbled onto a thing, and that was: After I get my wax in all sorts of chunks and shapes from my extractors, I put a big boiler of water on my stove and get it nearly to a boil, and put the wax in and let it melt; I take a big sheet of wire cloth and spread it over my tank; I let the dirt settle, and take a dipper and dip from the top down into the .screen, and every particle of dirt is kept under the screen. Then I put this wax into a vessel and I have a clear, fine wax. I tried all sorts of schemes up to that time and had trou- ble. This seems to be very easy. You can heat the wax up in a very short time and dip it out from the top. Have nice, clean, hot water in your pails. You get a nice quality of wax without much labor. Fr. France — One thing may be mis- construed — you sink the dipper, don't you? Mr. Wheeler — Sink the screen wire net and all right down. The hot wax will run through there and you get nothing but wax because the wax is on top. Mr. Bull — I fill five or six gallon can of melted wax and leave it stand there for probably six or eight or ten hours and draw the wax from a hole about four or five inches from the bottom of the can. Mr. Wheeler — In melting old combs, if you have bee bread and young and unhatched bees, you have old stuff that I can't get out that way. Mr. Bruner — I would like to ask, how many pounds of wax can be run through a Hatch press per day? Mr. Wheeler — That would depend; with the combs all cut out, you would have to run two boilers; it takes about 25 minutes to run a No. 9 boilerful through. If the combs are pretty old you cannot use so many because you have to give them more water. It de- pends altogether on your combs. A boilerful of ordinary old combs takes about 25 minutes. Mr. Bull — Usually about 60 combs. Pres. Kannenberg — We will now ad- journ until 7:30 this evening. EVENING SESSION. Pres. Kannenberg — We will have Mr. Mosier's talk on Sweet Clover. 136 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL. REPORT OF THE SWEET CLOVER. (Prof. J. G. Mosier.) For this valuable paper we refer 5'ou to Mr. Hosier's paper given at the State meeting at Springfield also. (See following his picture.) Pres. Kannenberg — If there are any questions to ask I suppose the Pro- fessor will answer them. Prof. Mosier — I will try. Mr. Dadant — You spoke about test- ing the soil for acidity. A great many of us do not know how to test soil for acidity. How shall we go about it? Now we have been using blue litmus paper right along for testing. Take a mass of soil, make a ball by squeezing it together; break it apart and put blue litmus paper in, leaving part of it in for 10 minutes, and, if the soil is acid, the blue litmus paper will turn pink. The test we are recommending is the hydro -chloride acid test, to determine whether there is limestone in the soil. We need the presence of limestone in the soil, and by using hydro-chloride acid, pouring it on the soil, we can tell if limestone is there. If a bubbling takes place it is an indication that there is limestone; if not, it is an in- dication that limestone is absent. The soil may be neutral. If you take a piece of limestone and drop some hydro-chloride acid on it before you go to make the test, you can see how that bubbling would take place. If there are fragments of lime- stone in the soil that is all that is necessary. The reason we are using this test is: For a long time after we made appli- cations of blue litmus, we found it would give an acid test and there would still be limestone in the soil, so we have almost entirely quit using that and find the better test is hydro- chloride acid. On the southern Illinois soils we have a man who is doing limestone work. He is interviewing farmers and they bring him samples of soil to test; once in a while they will test him. They bring samples of soil that they have put limestone on — so now he is testing with hydro-chloride acid. That is the best test for all to use as to the presence of limestone in the soil. Get the commercial hydro-chloride acid. You can get enough for five or ten cents to make all the tests you want to make. You may have the surface soil acid and the sub-soil containing limestone. If j'ou have conditions favorable enough, the sweet clover, or alfalfa plant will get the roots .down into that limestone in the sub-soil and it will stand anything, but, if conditions are not favorable so they will do that, they are apt to die out. "v You may go into a field where you will see some plants of alfalfa or sweet clover, and you may find the soil is acid and the roots have cut down to where the limestone is. You will see other plants thrifty and green and they have reached the limestone. It is always best to have soil with some lim.estone in it. In southern Illinois we have unusual conditions; the sub-soil is -much more acid than the surface soil, and we can put limestone under the surface soil and mix it, but we cannot get it with the sub -soil until it reaches down in there. If sweet clover grows it will punc- ture that and limestone will soon get down in that sub-soil. A member — I understood you to say it was two different installments; do you mean two different times? Mr. Dadant — In the casei of the farmer: If you have a rank growth of sweet clover it might fill up, second year's growth, yet in some flelds^'here it is rather permanent I have seen it growing scattered around; there is some *there that will start this year and bloom next year. Mr. Wheeler— It might be of interest to some of you to know something about the history of the sweet clover plant. I mean the history of its in- troduction. Thirty-one years ago next spring I got some sweet clover of Thomas G. Newman. I moved west to northwest- ern Iowa. I bought a bushel or two of Mr. Newman and paid him a lot of money for it. They were getting out pamphlets then. Mr. Newman was trying to work up an interest in sweet clover, telling how good it was, and trying to get farmers to- sow it. At that time, 31 years ago, I heard a good many of the same things I have heard tonight, and I thought in future years farmers would use it; I ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 137 was quite enthusiastic over it, and I sowed some in different places. After three years I went away from that country; and I never saw the place until this fall, when I made a visit out there. I sowed my sweet clover in different places, some on high ground and some on low ground. I put prairie blue grass in the sloughs and for some reason or other it caught the first spring. It had a big crop of sweet clover growing up in the prairie grass. I sowed other seed of sweet clover around where there were weeds along the road, on high ground; that soil out there is full of lime. I thought sure the sweet clover would grow on high ground, and I watched it for two or three years but there was no indica- tion of its growing on high ground or any place except on cultivated ground. On the prairie where it had been burned off I used a disc pulverizer and tracked it and got a splendid growth. It stood 1% feet high and prairie grass and sweet clover grew in as thick as it cotild stand. This fall I was out there and drove for several miles over the country, looking to see if I could find some of that old sweet clover. I found quite a little of it growing. I knew the very identical spots where I had sown it. It seemed to grow in the wet, low places rather than in the high. I thought this might be of interest to you, in that it was so long ago. At that time bee-keepers thought that the farmers would in a few years take it as a crop. Some said then it was good for grass and others for feed; others said it was good for stock; and others said the stock would not eat it — so this thing has been going on for thirty-one years that I know of. Mr. Mosier — It seems to me that this year the acreage of sweet clover will be limited by the amount of seed there is. I have never had so many inquiries in regard to sweet clover, and inquiries as to where the seed could be obtained. Men have written to me what amount they were planning to sow. Mr. Masters of Jacksonville, Illinois, is planning to put in 300 acres this spring. Mr. Mahany of , Illinois, seeded 80 acres last fall and will put about 150 to 160 acres in again this spring. All over the state we get inquiries about sweet clover, and statements of the amounts they are planning to sow. Mr. Wheeler — How much to the acre do you sow? Mr. Mosier — 12 to 15 lbs. to the acre. Of course if we had a method by which the germination could be in- creased the amount could be lessened a great deal, and 10 or even 8 lbs. per acre would be an abundance. Mr. Schlader — Has anything been said about the bee-keeper and sweet clover? Is sweet clover any advantage to the bee-keeper? I remember a year or two ago I read an article by Dr. Miller. He was talking about honey and said it had never been his good fortune to seel any honey that he knew was sweet cloyer honey, as he depends altogether on -white clover and alsike. I depend on sweet clover. I don't have much honey but what I do have is sweet clover and I found it a splendid honey crop. My crop in 1913 was an average of 150 sections; one or two colonies ran over 200 sections. This year my average was 80 sections to a colony. It was very dry this year in October — and it is a "dry" town any- way. The honey yield was not very much. It is good honey, and if you can get near any sweet clover growing you can be sure of having some honey every year, and I notice that some peo- ple that depend on white clover alto- gether are not certain of a crop — so I think it is up to every bee-keeper to boost sweet clover. Mr. Bodenschatz — Around my part of the country we have a lot of sweet clover. I live along the drainage canal. We have lots of sweet clover. A good many years the bees would make a living on sweet clover, but this year they did not work it at all. Last season they worked heavily on it, but thig year they have not done anything. There are years now when they will not work on it. What is the cause, I do not know. Pres. Kannenberg — I suppose they do not have the nectar every year. Mr. Bruner — The reason is, perhaps, that the sweet clover is not allowed to grow wild and the young plants are choked back by the present year's growth; at any rate there is not so large a crop one 5-ear as another; the same as an orchard that is left to bear its full, the next year it will not be so fruitful. I would like to ask, how 138 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 'OF THE many pounds per acre you get in the way of seed? Mr. Mosier — This is the first year I ever harvested for seed. I was learn- ing this j'ear. I got 150 pounds to the acre this year. That is not a large yield; it is nothing like what we read about. This year in Will County (I have forgotten the name of the man), a little over 13 bushels per acre was raised. Mr. Comstock got eight bushels on a farm in Iowa. The yield huns on an average, I should say, of from 5 to 7 bushels per acre. The gentleman from your County who had that large yield sold his sweet clover at $.25 a pound and the profit was $205 an acre for his sweet clover seed, and then he got a crop of hay that he said would make two tons per acre. In my own case this year I was learning how to handle it and depended on the first crop. I wanted really to see how much growth I could get of sweet clover and I did not know when to cut it, nor what was the best time to cut it, and I had to experiment with it. I found some parts of the field were all right but other parts of the field had gotten too ripe and the seed was practically all gone. That is the advantage of leaving a second crop for seed; it ripens more uniformly than the first crop. Another disadvantage I experienced this year: When the clover was ready to cut, or would have been in about a week, we had a heavy storm that caused the sweet clover that was higher than my head to lean over, and it was only waist high. A week after that it was white with bloom. I told my wife I lost more sleep over that sweet clover than anything I had to work with before. This year, by cutting the first crop, we will get a better seed crop. If you cut a crop of hay when it gets to be 18 or 20 inches high, that is the second year's growth, it will ripen much more uniformly the second crop. The man on my farm wanted to see whether the stock would eat sweet clover hay, and he cut some to try it, and the seed on that ripened much more evenly. It was plumper and nicer seed in every way, and I have seen corresponding with men who have been growing sweet clover for some time, and have learned that that is the plan they follow. With regard to sweet clover roots, the rapidity with which they root in the soil and the amount of root they de- velop the first season is wonderful. Last fall I took a spade and dug around about 14 inches square and then got a spade under one ^de and • pried it under, sweet clover- alnd all, and some of the roots were 30 inchps long and were almost as large as a lead pencil. That would indicate they went down 1% foot below that. Prof. Roth of the University, in grow- ing sweet clover, took a plant 3% inches high; had three sets of leaves on; he dug down and followed that root two feet, and then gave it up. That shows you the rapidity with which they root and the reason why sweet clover, as well as alfalfa, will stand the drouth. Mr. Bruner — Will you get as much seed by waiting for the second growth of seed? Mr. Mosier — You will get more be- cause the first crop will .seed irregu- larly and much of it wilMall off. The second growth matures more regularly and will produce more seed. Mr. France — Up in Wisconsin they have gone to growing sweet clover for seed; they clip the first in order to get it to produce more seed. A member — AVill yeHpw grow with white? Mr. Mosier — I was told that the first to come in there was the white, and that the white sweet clover occupied the roadsides and ditches in that com- munity, and later On the yellow came, which seems to displace the white. Many of our clovers produce what is commonly called clover sickness in the soil and it will result in stopping the growth. I have no doubt but what this ■same condition would obtain in sweet clover. If clover sickness is produced by one clover another clover will come in and live there. I think perhaps the reason the jellow displaces the white is because of the clover sickness dis- placing the white. Mr. Coppin — I think the cause of the yellow clover crowding the white out would be on account of the yellow being earlier and the seed maturing before the white got along. Mr. Bruner — I notice where the yel- low replaces the white in considerable areas where there was no cutting done ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 139 at all, it seemed to be a natural process of some sort. Mr. France — One other point I would like to bring up in behalf of sweet clover: Up in our state the farmers own the land to the middle of the high- way, and it is a strict understanding that you can go into the highway with a manure gatherer, and the farmer will say to you, you can take the sweet clover belonging to your own farm but don't come over into mine because I want it myself. Mr. Kindig — I trust you will allow me to express my appreciation of this ex- cellent paper. I was just thinking as Prof. Mosier was reading — I wish that every farmer in Illinois and Indiana who is not al- ready in the alfalfa game might have this paper on the phonograph and have a recital about once a week. In regard to sweet clover growing on limestone soil, I have noticed in lime- stone formation on southern Illinois soil that in the hilltops, where the soil has been quite badly drained, those hilltops do not produce sweet clover. I take it that without any testing of the soil one cannot depend on lime- stone soil as being a soil which is not acid, but rather these hilltops have be- come too sour. In regard to testing for the acidity of the soil with litmus paper, it has been my observation that litmus paper in the hands of some farmers has not been treated properly to make a proper test of the soil. I have seen a case or two, where, with various things on the fingers of the farmer, a contrary reaction was gotten in the soil test, simply because the litmus paper became contaminated with the fingers of the farmer used in handling it — so from that standpoint it seems to be the hydro-chloride acid is the best and is ntiore reliable. I do not know whether you Illinois people have a law against clover as a weed upon the public highway. There is going to be some action be- fore the legislature of Indiana this com- ing winter to take sweet clover from the list of condemned plants, and I certainly hope there will be enough pressure brought to bear on the legis- latures that sweet clover may be put on the list of desirable plants, the yel- low sweet clover as well as the white. Lots of people in the vicinity of In- dianapolis got their honey crop from sweet clover. Sweet clover gives quites a continu- ous honey flow for a long length of time, which, I think every bee-keeper will agree with me, is quite a valuable asset in most any locality. Mr. Schlader — If any one will look over any bee-keepers' journal they will find that bee-keepers have been hand- ling sweet clover for quite a while. Mr. Hawkins — I recently read of two farmers in Wisconsin that attempted to get a growth of sweet clover. They both called, on their County Agricultural expert for information as to bow to go about it. Both planted it on the same day, in the same manner, and carried out the whole work exactly alike. The one farmer on the one side of the road got a good stand; the farmer on the other side got such a poor stand he was thor- oughly disgusted with it. In trying to trace out the cause, the County expert brought out the fact that Professor Mosier has emphasized tonight as to the value of limestone. This county expert figured that during the season of planting the prevailing wind in that particular place had been from such a direction as to blow all the dust and stone from the highway onto one man's field, while the other man got practically none, and, because neither field was treated with lime- stone, the man that $^ot the application in this form got a fairly good stand a few rods from the road; tlxat sounds like a fairy story but it is a fact. In speaking about sweet clover being a honey plant, I think it depends on the amount of moisture that is avail- able. In my home town there is a gravel pit of 140 acres, dug out by steam shovels. It was left for ten or fifteen years, and we planted sweet clover in there; the place was never dry, and there was a yield every year without fail, no matter how dry a year it was — until this year; but it was not a failure this . year on account of drouth, nor foul brood, either, but be- cause they went to work in that gravel pit with a dredge and they dug a big ditch and drained the water off to level, from twelve to fourteen feet of what it was before. The plants did not have a good sup- ply of water and did not live well. I should like to see Prof. Mosier given a vote of thanks, and, if it is 140 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE proper, I should like to make a motion, as a member of this Association, that we give him our sincere thanks for coming here and giving- us this talk tonight. Pres. Kannenberg — You have all heard the motion, is there a second? Motion seconded and carried unani- mously. Pres. Kannenberg — I would like to hear something more about sweet clover. We have an ordinance that it has to be mowed off when it is less than eight inches. (In Oak Park, 111.) Mr. Kindig — I do not want to in- fringe upon Mr. Mosier's subject, but I feel that the subject of inoculation must be emphasized, in some localities. I know that where I live inoculation is the thing. It is absolutely necessary in order to be really successful with sweet clover. The Professor spoke about the method of inoculation and drying of the soil, and it seems to me this re- mark would be in order: That in the drying of the soil it must not be laid out in the glare of the hot sun or put in the oven and baked dry. Those are two things that will kill inoculation. Some people have done that trick — that is the reason I mentioned it here. Mr. Coppin — ^One thing I would sug- gest: Sow the white sweet clover and the yellow sweet clover along the road- sides where they are death on mowing It down; spread the two kinds in the same place. The yellow will go to bloom a few weeks earlier than the white, so that, if they get after the yellow to cut it down and destroy it, they won't damage the white. The white will soon commence to bloom after they have cut down the yellow. It will keep them busier to get rid of the two kinds than it will the one. I think that would be a good idea — sow two kinds in the same place. Mr. Hawkins — I think you are going a little hard on the fellow who cuts sweet clover. I have a lot of railroad highways up my way; the section man commences to cut down the sweet clover when it is a little past full bloom. All the sweet clover is cut off after the first yield; after the first rainfall the branches will come up from those stumps and will be loaded with white blossoms, and I believe the second blossoms yield almost two or three times the honey that the first blos- soms do; at least that has been my experience. Mr. Coppin — I notice thes generally get after the sweet clover wnen it is in full bloom. I have seen" roadways where I just had room to drive through, with the sweet clover in full bloom; and if they cut that down and other seed has been sown that will come up later, it will keep them biisy. Mr. Bodenschatz — I believe in sow- ing it mostly in the fall, and it will grow better during the- spring. I know that we got thei best stand that way. One thing I do not like about sweet clover: The cattle eat it too close down for me in our country, and keep it down pretty low. In one way it keeps a continuous blos- som; it is kept down so low by cutting that the cattle eat seed and all. Mr. France — It seems to me there is one thing lacking in Illinois. Illinois wants to do as did Wisconsin: Take sweet clover off the obnoxious list. Pres. Kannenberg — That is in Oak Park that I had reference to; that only belongs to the town of Oak Park. Mr. Mosier — Sweet clover is not mentioned specifically in Illinois, I be- lieve. Of course there is a law against obnoxious weeds, but I do not think that sweet clover is specifically men- tioned. It is in Indiana. A member — The seeds that do not germinate the first year, will they germinate the second? Mr. Mosier— ^Part of them will germ- inate the second year. Mr. Wheeler — I have tried that on plats of ground and it won't show up for two or three years. We have a patch of ground I have worked on for eight or ten years. We sowed sweet clover so thick on it, and I am certain that seed eight years old sprouted and grew; it must have kept its vitality for that long time. Mr. Hawkins — I think Mr. France is very correct in his idea that we should get the legislature to take sweet clover off the list of obnoxious weeds. It seems to me a campaign of education would be as good a thing as bee keep- ers could do much in the line of boost- ing sweet clover, to show its real value for other purposes besides honey. In- stead of throwing rocks and placing barb wire, and one thing and another, in the highway, as some one suggested, ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 141 I think it would be well to have an educational campaign. That makes me think of a story: At a country school house where they were having a Wet and Dry campaign, they had a "Dry" speaker who was do- ing hig best to persuade the audience that the one thing the country needed was to do away with the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor. One farmer who seemed to think his time had come got up and asked the speaker what he thought all the farm- ers in the country would do with their corn if they stopped the manufacture of whiskey, and before the speaker could reply another farmer said: "My friend, we will raise more hogs and less hell." Mr. Mosier — The bee-keepers are pushing sweet clover, and I am satis- fied that the Soils Department of the University is going to push sweet clover because of its value as a soil im- prover. It seems to me that if the bee-keep- ers and the Soils Department of the University of Illinois get behind sweet clover we ought to hear from it pretty soon. I look for a big increase in the grow- ing of sweet clover in a few years be- cause we are demonstrating right along its value. And another thing: We are just getting ready now to publish a bulletin on the subject of sweet clover as a soil improver, and those bulletins go to something like 60,000 farmers in the state and in other states; they will reach a lot of people, and I have no doubt we will do a good deal towards increasing the growing of sweet clover. Mr. Wheeler — I was glad when I read that the University was going to take up sweet clover because I have seen the bee-keepers trying to work up the use of sweet clover among farmers for years and it didn't seem to work. As soon as the bee-keepers begin to talk on that which seems to be in their own interest, men naturally seem to work against it. I remember that Mr. Baldridge was talking sweet clover thirty-five years ago; and Mr. Thomas G. Newman also talked about the use of sweet clover over 30 years ago, but they were talk- ing of it as bee-keepers. It is a mighty good thing to have the State University Agricultural Depart- ment take it up. The bee-keepers have had rather a poor showing; of course it would not do any harm to work to- gether. I would like to ask the Professor what bearing it is going to have on bee-keeping if the Dairy Companies around Chicago should make use of sweet clover. How will they take it up, and will they let it bloom enough so that we will get something out of it? Mr. Mosier — It seems to me it would be almost impossible to grow sweet clover without permitting -it to bloom. It might not be as valuable in dairy use as on grain farms, where they de- sire a crop of seed. In dairying they would want some hay and they might for that reason keep it from blooming more, but then there would be an im- mense amount more of sweet clover blooming in the dairy section than there is at the present time. Until the seed w-ould get down to the very lowest price, the seed crop will be a, paying proposition and they will let it go to seed, and that will of course necessi- tate the blooming of the plant. Mr. Dadant — Have you any idea, or can you venture to guess as to how long it would take before the seed would get down to where the red clover is, — a reasonable price? Mr. Mosier — I should say five years. Mr. Dadant — I heard Mr. Cloverdale and Mr. Frank Pellett of low^a talking the matter over, and Mr. Cloverdale made a guess of seven years. He thought it would take from five to seven years, and Mr. Pellett thought it would take longer before we got enough seed in the country, that the demand would be as great as it is now; so we have from five to seven years ahead of us where they are going to grow it for seed, and bee-keepers can take advan- tage of it. Mr. Wheeler — Do you cut it with a regular ordinary harvester binder? Mr. Mosier — Yes. Mr. Wheeler — That would be another argument in favor of cutting It for hay for the first crop; to have it of even growth, it would be more easily cut, not so scraggy. Mr. Mosier^ — To cut that sweet clover this year after it had blown down and the plants were six and seven feet high was a pretty difficult undertaking. I cut it as high as I oould, and then the plants were so long they would stick out from the binder. It would be an 142 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL, REPORT OF THE advantage to cut a crop of hay and let it lie on the ground. I know a man who had sweet clover to thrash this year and found it im- possible to find any one to do the work for him. They simply had to pound it out with a stick (a flail). That of course may be the case in a few lo- calities, but as a general rule I do not believe it would be in all localities. A member — Mr. Cloverdale said that the Birdsall people were making a ma- chine so that it would handle sweet clover, and if we begin raising sweet clover a machine will be made that will be adapted to thrashing — and that is some factor. Mr. Wheeler — Another point touched on: It has to be cut before it blossoms if you want to get a second growth; it wants to be cut before there is any sign of bloom. Mr. Dadant — Can you give us an idea of curing the hay? How it should be handled — the same as timothy or al- falfa? Mr. Mosier — The same as alfalfa. It is harder to cure than alfalfa. Mr. Mosier — That which we cut; we found that by letting it cure some and raking it up — stirring it with a rake and bunching it — you could cure it fairly well. This season, of course, was a favor- able seas'on. In a wet season there is no doubt it would be harder to cure than alfalfa. The practice in some cases is to cut it and let it get partly dry, and then bunch it and leave it there; and, in spite of the fact of rain or something of that kind, it is apt to come out in very good shape. It will be more difficult to handle than alfalfa hecause the stems are larger and coarser. That is one advan- tage of having sweet clover quite thick, and even then you cannot reduce the stems So that they will be the same size as alfalfa. Mr. Hawkins — I asked Mr. G , of Rochelle, if he had found it neces- sary to have bees on his farm to fer- tilize the blossom. He said he never had. So far in his experience of sweet clover he had never had a failure, but he had no doubt there were plenty of bees around Rochelle and they no doubt fertilized the blossoms all that was necessary. Mr. Dadant — That statement that Mr. Mosier makes, that sweet clover can get the rain on it and not hurt it. is a big thing in favor of sweet clover against red clover. I have heard Mr. Cloverdale say that sweet clover could get very wet and it did not seem to hurt it very much. Red clover, if it gets wet once, is almost fit for nothing. Pres. Kannenberg — I call the meet- ing adjourned for this evening, to meet tomorrow morning at 10 o'clock. FRIDAY MORNING SESSION. Pres. Kannenberg — The first thing this morning will be the Committee on Resolutions. Committee makes report as follows: Resolution 1. Whereas, God' in His infinite wis- dom has seen fit to remove from our midst our friend and co-worker, B^ed B. Cavanagh, we hereby extend to Mrs. Cavanagh our heartfelt sympathy and condolence. The Secretary of this Association is instructed to forward to Mrs. Cava- nagh a copy of this resolution. Resolution 2. The Chicago-Northwestern Bee- Keepers' Association hereby extends its thanks to all who have assisted in making this meeting a success. Resolution 3. Be it Resolved, That the Chicago - Northwestern Bee-Keepers' Associa- tion tender a vote of thanks for the use of the hall so kindly donated by the management of the Great Northern Hotel. j Pres. Kannenberg — ^We will now have a report of the Auditing Com- mittee. We, the Auditing Committee, have gone over the Secretary's books and the Treasurer's books and find them correct. Mr. Dadant — We have $1.86 and still have some money coming from the State Association, $15.00 or $16.00. Pres. Kannenberg — What do you wish to do with this report? A member — I move its .adoption. Pres. Kannenberg — The report stands adopted as read. Pres. Kannenberg — We have a let- ter from Mr. F. C. Pellett on the High Price of Sugar and the Honey Market. ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 141 December 12, 1914. Mr. Louis Dadant, Hamilton, 111. Dear Mr. Dadant: I am just back at my desk after about ten days' absence. You can imagine that the work is piled up pretty high and that I must push things to get it all cleaned up before I have to go out again. Really I have no inspiration to write a paper for you on the subject you suggested. Bee men should take every opportunity to place their product before the public and the high price of sugar is one such opportunity. You know I am somewhat of an enthusiast about honey and bees. I don't believe that it would be possible to produce more honey than the public can be edu- cated to buy if the bee-keepers are awake. With half a cent per pound of our annual production used in intelli- gent publicity it would be possible to double the demand for honey and then what would we do? The scarcity of honey to supply the market demand would rapidly increase the price. I would very much like to be with you at the convention and meet again some of my friends who will be there and make new acquaintances. However, I have been on the wing much of the time this winter, already, and must keep on going to fill my engagements; I am away so much that it is getting to be a treat to spend a few days by my own fireside. "With best wishes for a successful meeting, I am, Very truly yours, FRANK C. PELLETT. Mr. Dadant — As you probably know, Mr. Pellett is State Inspector for Iowa and he is a very busy man, and for that reason not able to be here. Pres. Kannenberg — The High Price of Sugar and The Honey Market — Is there anything to be said on that? Mr. Roehrs — I think if our public was educated on the value of honey there would not be this great difference in the price of sugar and honey. We all know the value of honey. There would not be this great difference be- cause honey cannot be compared with sugar. Honey is a predigested food but our public as a rule are not educated. They do not know it and therefore we find that there is an enormous amount of sugar consumed in the United States and a small amount of honey in com- parison. There is no one else to be blamed for this than the bee-keepers. We ought to educate the people as to the true value of honey, and as long as we do not do that our prices will al- ways be as low as they are. Mr. Dadant — I think it was Mr. Wood- man last night who talked to me about the prediction that Mr. DeMuth had made about the low price of amber honey and what it is going to do in the future; I wish Mr. Woodman would tell this. Mr. Woodman — Mr. DeMuth made the statement, relative to the low prices at the present time of honey, and he tought it would result to the great benefit of bee-keepers in the near future, for the simple reason that more uses would be found for honey and people would get to use larger quantities of it, so that when the market did get squared around again the result would be better prices. Mr. Dadant — I do not know how many bee-keepers know of, or have watched the market on amber honey, especially amber honey from Colorado. Honey ordinarily used for baking has been bringing good prices, five and six cents a pound; that is good price for that class of honey. At present I think Mr. Woodman said that he had been offered amber honey for 3 and 4 cents a pound; so you see, for the baker who uses honey in preference to sugar, it will answer their purpose, Mr. Wheeler — I want to ask Mr. Dadant if he thinks that the bakeries are using as much honey as they do other things. Mr. Dadant — I don't know about it because we do not handle that class of honey. Mr. Wheeler — I was told by the Manager of the National Biscuit Com- pany that they were not using nearly as much honey; that they had found a substitute for it. Now, I do not know whether any of you people heard of it or not. I could not find out what the substitute was. He did not tell me, and that is their own affair. He said to show you the differ- ence in the amount of honey we are using this year compared with las±. In round numbers I remember he said they used 125 carloads last year and about 15 this year. That shows you the proportion, about, as to what they were using last year and the amount used this year in comparison. : 144 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Now the question is, in my mind: is that not one of the reasons why Cali- fornia dark honey is selling so much lower ? Mr. Dadant — I would like to hear from Mr. Burnett on that subject. Mr. Burnett — Mr. President, I do not know that I can help you very much about it. As to the relative difference in the price between sugar and honey, I might say that one really does not re- place the other. Take for instance the case cited by Mr. Wheeler. The reason that they are not using so much honey in the last year as they did previously is because perhaps the style of goods is changed. Honey is used for goods that will keep moist for a length of time, as in jumbles; and so-called honey goods generally has required honey that would carry through the oven and keep its flavor. They have not liked the low grades of honey; in fact, the better bakeries do not use it. The alfalfa honey from California differs from the alfalfa honey from Idaho and Utah very materially. I mean the lower part of California; that honey is not suitable for table purposes yet it is produced from alfalfa, they tell me, almost exclusively. The alfalfa of Utah and Idaho and those countries are entirely different honey. The bakeries do not care for honey so much because it has not the carrying properties that will come out in the goods through the oven. Perhaps the substitute referred to is a confection they are using instead of honey goods. People seem to have tired of those honey goods; that is, the general buying public, and prefer this preparation called confection. As to the relative price, again, when I said that one will not replace the other to any great extent, I do not say but that it will to a degree, but not to a degree that is of commercial interest. Therefore, by Education — if you can persuade people that honey is much more conducive to their health than sugar — you will increase the sale of honey. I think that is perhaps the chief measure that can be effectively used to interest people in honey. Have them understand that these properties are conducive to health whereas the aver- age sugar is not so. The fermentation that comes from sugar is avoided by the use of honey. I guess that is about all that I can say on the subject. Mr. Woodman — I think what Mr. Wheeler had reference to: I was in- formed that a firm in Philadelphia is engaged in the manufacture of some substitute for honey. I believe they call it some kind of sugar, used for baking purposes. I know that the bak- ers in our city have used that as a substitute for honey; it woufd seem to me that the present low prices of bak- ing- honey ought to put them out of business at least for a short time. Mr. Miller — What the gentleman said last seems to me to be true be- cause this sugar is made of ordinary sugar by the addition of acid and rais- ing of the temperature; the cost of skill and labor to do that amounts to something; so if sugar gets up to eight cents a pound and they have to use additional skill and labor to form this confection used by the bakers, we ought to be able to charge more for honey. Sugar is higher than usual this year and the honey crop is only two-thirds what it is ordinarily, or two -thirds of what it was last year, and we have practically the same prices. Why is it? Is it caused by the hard times, or what? Mr. Wheeler — The prices are lower on the general market, are they not, Mr. Burnett? Mr. Burnett — The prices are lower; extracted honey is lower. Mr. Miller spoke of the cost of the chaijging of the nature of sugar. Do you now what it costs to do that? Mr. Miller— I have not figured out the exact cost; I have made it in a small way, but I do not know what it will cost on a large scale. Mr. Burnett — I understand- the cost is infinitesimal; it is very little; it would not make much difference in a pound of sugar. Mr. Dadant — I might say I have oc- casion to know that one reason why baking honey has gone so low is be- cause so much honey has come in from Cuba and the West Indies, which for- merly went to Germany and European countries. I heard of some 400 barrels that had come to New York and they were holding it in bond until it could be sold; of course that honey is very cheap honey and would be bound to ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 145 diminish the demand in the east and make the honey stay in California where it is and put the price down. Mr. Hawkins — Has the tariff rate changed? That might induce Cuban and South American honey to come in here. Mr. Dadant — There is no tariff on it; there is no change in the tariff rate. Mr. Hawkins — The gentleman here on my left says that the tariff has been reduced to ten cents a gallon. Mr. Bruner — I oold my honey last year in New Orleans at GY2 cents a pound; that is the early dark honey, to bakers; they offered me 5 cents a pound this year for the reason that the tariff had been reduced. Just before I left home I had an in- quiry for dark honey. I asked 6 cents a pound in Milwaukee, after paying the freight from New Orleans; they wanted a lower price; I did not give it to them. I think they will take the honey at 6 cents a pound. There is a reduction in the tariff rate in the cost of honey at least 10 cents a gallon. Pres. Kannenberg — We have Mr. Franpe -with us and he will give us a talk on Foul Brood. Mr. France— It seems to me like an old story to tell over again. This sub- ject has been threshed over and over and over again. The subject of Foul Brood we all know is a serious one. European Foul Brood is a puzzling proposition and if any one can tell me the real cause for this European Foul Brood and a positive remedy for it I would be glad indeed for the occasion. The treatment we give which seems to effect a remedy in one case does not apply in another, but there are some things that there is no question about. For instance, one of the things that has held me back from eradicating the disease in our state (Wisconsin) has been the indifferent small bee-keeper who had the disease and would prom- ise to clean up and would not. I could not afford to stay there and see that it was done. On my return I would find that ev- erything was just as I left it; and dur- ing my absence, while I had been away, the neighbor bees had contracted the disease, until there had been a con- siderable spreading of the disease. So I have adopted for this year just closing a system, wherever we found the disease, of leaving as it were a binding obligation on the part of that bee-keeper that he would follow in- structions in endeavoring to get rid of it; leaving him instructions how to treat it; and leaving him a report blank to be filled out telling the def- inite day and hour in which he must return the duplicate slip, that we might keep tab on him, and it has worked re- markably well; so much so that I look forward to the coming season and, un- less it is imported, I expect Wisconsin will have no foul brood at the end of 1915. But with the European Foul Brood— which will break out without apparent cause: After taking an apiary that has been infected with it and cleaning it up, re-queening; doubling up some of the weaker colonies, leaving some of the hives with some combs — it seems to get rid of it. We can't say that for American. If honey is left in an Amer- ican diseased colony it is dangerous wherever it goes. I tried when our legislature renewed our law by which I had the power of Deputy, to include in there the sale of second hand honey cans; I knew it would hit some, but really they have been an annoyance to me all over our state. Bee-keepers would pick them up be- cause they were seemingly cheap, and bring them home to their yards, and invariably they would have a little honey in, and they would throw them out and the bees come in contact with the cans, thrown promiscuously any- where and everywhere. I believe there should be something done by which when a can has been once used it would be out of service to be used again. In one way we are pretty fortunate, in that the Can Companies are making so thin a tin can that it is pretty nearly useless to undertake to use over a second time; especially those that are shipped from the western states; they are a doubtful proposition; many times the outside looks good, but I would not take them as a gift. I have been offered some for simply the taking but I would not have them. I would not dare take them. One of my Wisconsin bee-keepers took occasion to buy some of them and if he had paid a Canning Company 15 cents above the retail price he would have been ahead. When he put honey in those cans, manj^ were worn —10 146 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE and leaked and the leakage would more than have paid for the additional ex- pense of new cans; and he also con- tracted the disease before he got through with it. Is it necessary to describe American and European Foul Brood? Our Bee Journals and our literature have given us so much on this subject it does seem as though we ought to, every one, know. American Foul Brood with its brown decayed matter at that one stage where it is quite offensive for years was known as foul brood; the other was known as black brood. I know of no remedy by which we can save infected combs in hives where that condition exists. The only thing to do is to render them into wax and entirely renovate or clean up the hive. Any method, which has not for its object the entire removal of all in- fectious material beyond the reach of both bees and brood, will prove detri- mental and encourage the recurrence of the disease. With European Foul Brood, which seems to be our black brood as it was formerly known: — In advanced stages, it becomes hardened, nearly black in color, and in time dries down to be as thin as the side walls of the cell. With strong colonies and a young ambitious queen replaced from the others they will clean house and that seems to be an end of it. I had one party who said to me: I had two colonies that were not very strong. I thought to take away that queen would deplete them, so I put the entire swarm on full sheets of founda- tion; and here is the hatching brood in those new clean combs as bad as before. I said, "You have not removed the cause; the queen was at fault and you kept her with the bees. Take away that queen and give them good Italian blood without any further ren- ovation and see the result; they will clean house." There is a difference in resistance in different strains of bees; some seem to ifsist and not take this European foul trood while others will take it very quickly. The ordinary black bee is more susceptible to it. The state of New York was almost wiped out of bee-keeping at one time with this black brood. Bee-keepers who were not troubled began to raise queens and give them to the neighbors so as to clean up the neighborhood, and that has been the salvation of the state of New York. A point came up yesterday about shipping the disease. I hope the time will come when we will have uniformity of state laws, by which the shipping of queens or nuclei has to be followed with a certificate of health, the same as in our farm stock. The cages also ought to be supplied with food that we know is free from any germs of disease. I had a case in Wisconsin, where every other hive in one row and all new hives that season had American foul brood. In hunting up the cause I said it cannot break out so uniformly; the bee-keeper is at fault. I found the queen cages and those identical hives that were diseased was where queens had been introduced. I was in Texas in a beeyard later where those queen cages had come from and found American foul brood galore; so we have to be on our guard, and — although Wisconsin is too far north for successful queen breeding — queen breeders have to have their queens inspected twice a %year and a certificate of health goes with every cage from the yard. Two weeks ago two empty stock cars were shipped from your city from near the stock yards up to one of my near neighboring cities; were loaded with high bred animals, valuation over $200 per head. They were inspected and furnished with a certificate of health. They 'started for the Pacific coast. Before they had gone anywhere near their destination they were quaran- tined and two carloads were ordered slaughtered. The inspector was called upon, as it was endangering, and did contaminate not only cattle in the vicinity but hogs contracted the disease in the stock yards where these cars were un- loaded. Back tracing has shown that those two cars had come from Chicago where the foot and mouth disease had been. The same could be done with queen breeders who buy queen cages with food in it infected. The party from Texas bought cages already supplied with food. I traced back the record of that until I found out where it came from. ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 147 With the laws you have in Illinois today and the field of inspection, I feel that the one great need you have is for more education upon the part of the bee -keeper to know the disease and to co-operate with your Inspectors. I question if there is any necessity for its remaining long. I do know, however, that, Chicago being one of the great central parts for unloading, it will be always a great means of bringing honey from all sources here to the city, and again as a distributing point. Dealers might get goods from an in- fected apiary and not know it, and sell it and not know it. So it is risky to buy honey for feed- ing purposes, to feed your bees, unless you know where it comes from. I would like to have you ask ques- tions on this subject and in that way we can know what is especially wanted. Mr. Simmons — I understand one of the prolific sources of foul brood in this vicinity is from our dumps, where honey cans and other rubbish is thrown out in the dumps, and I understand that bees many times get foul brood in that way. I have nothing to do with foul brood in either variety, but I unc'erstand that bee-keepers think they get it in that way, from old cans thrown out on the dump. Mr. Haan — I would like to ask Mr. France if there is any way of telling in the combs whether there has been any foul brood in them, after they have been cleaned up by the bees. I bought some bees some time ago and supposed them to be free from foul brood, and yet I noticed some combs had every once in a while a few cells that would look considerably whiter than the others; mostly looked brown- ish but some cells were dotted here and there, and of course I wrote to the Bee Journal in regard to them, wondering if that particular comb contained foul brood. They wrote me back and told me they did not think I need fear trouble from those combs. I let it go at that. The summer following (I bought these bees in the fall) foul brood broke out in three or four of those colonies of bees that I bought. I would like to know if any of the bee-keepers have ever noticed any dif- ference in the combs. I supposed that after the combs had been used for sev- eral times in brood rearing it would not be noticed but I do believe the first brood that is reared in them would show on the combs. Mr. France — I wish we would put that adjective before foul brood every time, American or European. They are as different as the difference be- tween black and white. As for the combs showing — In a new built comb, it would be easily recog- nized. In American foul brood, it dries down on the lower side wall of the cell, midway from the bottom to the front end of the cell, seldom on the bottom of the cell; in time it dries down to be as thin as the side walls of the cell (a dark brownish thin skin like). The scales will be easily seen. The same would tie true if that comb were 20 years old; it would be there, and would forever stay there so long as the comb existed, and the bees will put honey in that cell after it is dried down and the honey will soften and become in- oculated, and when that honey is fed to other bees you will have a spread of the disease. If upon the lower side wall of the comb you see that dark brown matter dried down, don't use it, whether you know it to be Infected or not. One difference that many might mistake: The American foul brood dries down well towards the front end of the cell on the lower side wall. According to its stage of development there will be either the shapeless mass of dark brown matter, on the lower side of the cell, often with a wrinkled skin covering, as if a fine thread had been inserted in the skin lengthwise and drawn enough to form rib -like streaks on either side. Later on it becomes hardened, nearly black in color. There is something that looks like it, which you must not mistake. In case the bees go into winter quarters w-ith honey dew, there would be more or less diarrhoea that would soil the combs; they have a somewhat similar appearance but are more or less sur- face soiled, and will also be spotted or have a streaked appearance by the dark brown sticky excrements from the adult bees. But invariably American foul brood is found on the lower side wall of the cell. The dead larval bee is of a light color; it is termed ropy, so that, if you insert a toothpick and slowly withdraw 148 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE it, the dead larvae will draw out much like spittle or glue. There is then more or less odor peculiar in the dis- ease, like a stale glifepot. Sometimes only upon opening the hive of a badly infected colony will it emit much odor; and in other cases you can notice it several feet away. I do not think the bees can ever clean out a comb of American foul brood after it is once dried down. There is only one thing to do, and that is to burn it up, or, if many of them, render them into wax; but do not ever render diseased combs with the solar extractor because trouble will exist again if you do. Mr. Ahlers — I know what this gen- tleman had; I thought I had a case of foul brood in the south; I found after- wards they were new combs and some of the cells contained pollen and all the balance of the comb was full of brood, and after the brood hatched these combs were placed in the upper story and the bees cleaned out the pol- len and all those cells that had pollen in were white, and the others that had brood in were dark; and that is ex- actly what this gentleman had; he had pollen in some cells and afterwards the bees cleaned it out, and that would give him spotted looking combs. Mr. Haan — I do not think there had been any pollen in those combs because I saved a piece of one of them; it was right in the middle of the comb and lower half; it was just where all the foul brood had been. At first it ap- pears only in a cell here and there; I got it out with a knife and burned it up. I was only experimenting but I thought that was all there was to it; but I found afterwards it was not. I had to take these combs out and put them in from another diseased colony, had the brood in there hatched out, and then removed the bees after the bees had hatched, and in this way I have a piece of the comb to show any time in the future to anyone who cares to see it; I think it was foul brood in the combs. Mr. Kildow — It is very evident to me, and I think to Mr. France, that those cells that showed light were not foul brood scale, because where Ameri- can foul brood scale sinks down it leaves a brown mass that you can see. As to those light cells producing Amer- ican foul brood, I doubt it. Mr. Kildow — I wish the bee-keepers in this room would take what neighbor France has said tp heart and keep it there and remember it, and not be like some bee-keeper in the state who wrote to Dr. Miller. He told the Doctor he had read all his writings ever since he commenced to write on foul brood — and asks — "Which is the shortest way to cure foul brood?" He had read all about it, and then turned around and asked him that foolish question. Remember what Mr. France has told you. He haa told you the truth, right, straight truth, better than I could tell it. Mr. Haan — I am the gentleman my- self that wrote that article to Dr. Miller; it is on me. I am not ashamed to admit it because last summer was the first time I ever fell into the foul brood disease, and, while I had read about it considerably, the reading did not take hold on me like it should. I did not know how soon I would get into it so strong. That has been some time ago, the early part of last sum- mer, when I first noticed the disease. I did not kijow but that there might have been ' some short cut, some short way of getting around the McEvoy treatment. Of course I got no' reply from Dr. Miller; I do not blame him either, considering there are so many people in business and asking foolish questions. I noticed in Gleanings, afterwards, my letter, and a reply to it, and I felt a great deal better about it. Mr. France — I would like to ask if there is any foul brood that you know of within ten miles of your locality. Mr. Haan — I understand there is con- siderable around where I am. There was a Bee Inspector from this state who was up there. I live near Des Plaines; and there are quite a few people there who have bees in a small way and they also have plenty of foul brood, I understand. Mr. France — American? Mr. Haan — I could not say. I can- not distinguish one from the other my- self yet. I may have the one disease; I may have the other or both. I did cut out a piece of comb and send it to Dr. Phillips and he wrotieback and said I had American foul brood. I got it nearly all cleaned up and I expect to clean up some more next spring. Mr. Ahlers — I believe jthe gentleman ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 149 only had pickled brood. I once made 200 pounds of wax in Louisiana and I know now I only had pickled brood. I found thQ same thing at home after- wards, and Mr. France told me it was only pickled brood. I made 200 pounds of beeswax out of it. I supposed European foul brood and pickled foul brood looked alike; I never saw European foul brood. Mr. Kildow— Maybe I had better de- scribe European foul brood. European foul brood seems to attack the larvae almost as soon as it is hatched from the egg. The first ap- pearance is a little light yellow sub- stance; that substance keeps getting a little darker all the time until the larvae dies; the larvae does not die at first when infected. As the grub grows it keeps turning a little more of a dark yellow and stays in its own skin. By taking a tooth pick you can lift the whole mass out of the cell. It has that yellow appearance all the way through; the American is more brown and looks more like a mass of soft gdap. Europelan stays in its own skin. In that way I think you can tell the difference between the two without much effort. European is very seldom capped over, while American in a big majority of cases is capped over — but European is always in its own skin, so that you can take it out, and American foul brood is stringy. Mr. Coppin — You might describe the pickled brood, too. Mr. Kildow — Pickled brood — that seems to die about the sixth day, along about that time, when the larvae is stretched out full length in the cell, and it will turn black. The larval bees show light brown spots; and the cappings later have small holes in; the cappings are not shrunken, or dark colored, as in foul brood. The dead bee will be first swollen, with a black head dried to a hard bunch, and often turned up; pickled brood has very little or no smell and does not at any time stick to the walls of the cell ; it is never ropy or sticky and is easily pulled out of the cell. The bees will take care of themselves if you properly attend the colony. Pres. Kannenberg — Now we have a paper from the National Secretary, which may be read — I am constantly receiving letters asking about the National Bee-Keep- ers' Association, and the benefit it is to its members. I can not give the time to write a personal letter to each of these inquiries, much as I would like to do so, but I will try and touch in a general way a few of the very many reasons why every producing bee-keeper should join and retain his membership. The National is made up of tlie Various state and local affiliated bodies. The membership fee to both is $1.50, of which 50c goes to your local Associa- tion, and $1.00 goes to the National, and pays for a year's subscription to the Bee-Keepers' Review, in addition to the other benefits that membership will give you. The Review is controlled by the As- sociation, and is devoted to the inter- . est of the bee-keepers themselves. Every producer needs it to keep posted on what is doing in the honey business. We help our members buy their supplies and sell their honey, as you can see by the free list printed in each issue of those who have honey for sale. This list has sold many car loads of honey for our members, and helped those who wished to buy to find what they were looking for. We feel sure that we can assist our members more and more as we get a more and more complete enrollment. The educational and social features are not the least of the benefits re- ceived. If any class of people in the world enjoy meeting one another and "swapping yams," more than do bee- keepers, I have yet to find them. The local and state meetings give oppor- tunity for this social function, and the National body has to do with the wider business of a general nature. The general prevalence of foul brood is weeding out the "let-alone" bee-keep- ers, and the business is getting more and more into the hands of specialists, and the economical production and marketing of honey is of more and more importance. In all lines of production those interested are using Association methods with great success, especially in "boosting" their products. The bee- keepers have been slow to realize their possibilities in this line, and, as a con- sequence, both the price and consump- tion of honey haye declined when com- pared with similar products. Associ- ated effort will remedy this. Gtet your neighbors to join the Na- 150 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE tion. We need all your support at this time. There is much to gain and noth- ing to lose by being a National mem- ber. We will expect to receive your dues in the near future, making you a mem- ber. You can send them direct to me, or to the Review, Northstar, Mich. I remain, yours, GEO. W. WILLIAMS, Secretary-Treasurer, National Bee-Keepers' Association, Redkey, Ind. Mr. Dadant — Before we discuss that, you all remember that last year bro- ther Cavanagh was appointed to rep- resent us at St. Louis and just about a week before the meeting took place I got news of brother Cavanagh's death. I did not know what to do; we would not have a representative at the National Association, and we were anxious to have a representative at the St. Louis meeting, so I took the matter up with President Kannenberg and I found out that Mr. Baxter, Presi- dent of the Illinois State Association, was to go to St. Louis on his own initiative, and that it would not cost us to have him represent us, so I wired Mr. Kannenberg if we should not ap- point Mr. Baxter and he wired back telling me to appoint him, so I wired to St. Louis, telling him as nearly as I could. It was rather an unsatisfactory ar- rangement but we did the best we could. Mr. Baxter promised to be here but I see he is not. We do not know very much about what transpired un- less Mr. Kildow or Mr. Coppin, who were at the State Convention, can tell us what was done at the St. Louis meeting, or somebody else who hap- pened to be there. Pres. Kannenberg — Is there any one' present who was at the St. Louis meet- ing? or we will call upon Mr. Kildow — Mr. Kildow — I do not know that I can give you a report. I do not re- member exactly what Mr. Baxter gave, only in a kind of off-hand way, and not much of that. It appears there was a good deal of rag-chewing and there was a good deal at our State Convention. We could not get much satisfaction out of what they did down there. I am not able to make any report on that. Mr. Coppin — I am about in the same fix. I do not know. I thought it was Mr. Moore who was at St. Louis. Mr. W. B. Moore of Altoona was the representative for the Illinois State. Mr. Baxter was our representative. I am very sorry Mr. Baxter is not here. I expected him here; he expected to come and he did not send any report; he was not duty bound to do so; he is not even a member of pur association, but we appointed him because he was a pretty good man to put in. Mr. Miller — I was there but I was not a delegate and so had nothing to do with it; they retired to another room and did the business while we discussed questions familiar to us. My suggestion is this: Is there any report of their proceedings in the Re- view? I think there is. Mr. Kildow — I understand Mr. Baxter said there was no report made from Mr. Townsend in regard to the sale of supplies; no report made at all. Pres. Kannenberg — As long as we have no report of this — the only thing we can take up is whether or not we shall have representation in * the National. Mr. Dadant — It is customary to vote on whether we shall join the National each year. I have been taking these memberships; I have been asked what goes with it, and I am telling them they have been getting membership in the National, which includes subscrip- tion to the Review, membership in the State and membership in the Chicago- Northwestern, and I have taken some of the^e membership dues on that basis, but of course it lies entirely with the Association what you wish to do in regard to joining the National, and the Executive Committee is open to instruction. Mr. Ahlers — When are the dues col- lected and what are the dues all the way through? Mr. Dadant — They are collected here, $1.50. Mr. Ahlers — Don't you call a cer- tain tirne when the members have to pay their dues? Mr. Dadant — They have been paying them between sessions. Mr. Dadant — The $1.50 is included in the membership if we vote to join the National in a body. We get $1.50 (the Chicago-Northwestern) and fifty cents is paid to the State Association for be- longing to the State Association; they ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 151 in return give each member one copy of our meeting, furnish our stenogra- pher; in fact, we cannot afford not to join the State Association. They pay our postage and other incidental bills. The National gets $1.00, that is for fnembership In the National and a sub- scription for one year to the Bee- Keepers' Review, and that makes $1.50, and we get what is left. Mr. Coppin — I think the National gets $2.00; now that. is the way I un- derstand it. Mr. Dadant — No, sir. Mr. Coppin — What am I paying for? I want to join the National, the North- western and the Illinois State. Mr. Dadant — Fifty cents, and if you join the National besides it will cost you $1.50. Mr. Coppin — I understand it differ- ently, if you join the State it was $1.00. Pres. Kannenberg — It will cost you $1.00 if you join the State by yourself, but, through us, fifty cents. Mr. Dadant — When you pay fifty cents you are supposed to be a mem- ber of the National. We get $1.50 for our dues — $1.00 goes to the National and fifty cents to the State. The Northwestern has never had anything. We pay out everything we get. Mr. Kildow — It seems a kind of fool- hardy business to me the way the thing is run now. We are to pay $1.00 ta the National; we pay fifty cents to join the State Association; we come here and pay fifty cents to belong to the Northwestern; our book we print costs us over $1.00 to print. You peo- ple pay your fifty cents here; we get that book for fifty cents. We go down to our State Association and give $1.00 to get the same thing you are getting. It looks to me kind of queer; we have to pay $1.00 down there and only fifty cents here. Mr. Dadant — It is a poor rule that won't work both ways. He joined the State and National for $1.50 down there; he pays fifty cents for joining the National, so, by joining the Na- tional for fifty cents, it works the other way here. I could not take one membership and send it to the State for $.50 but I can send it at $.50 for a bunch of us. It is not simply one man to join the State — it Is the Association a? a body joining the State and getting $.50 rate. You practically get the same thing; joining the National and the State you have to pay $1.00, and get $.50 for the National. Mr. Bull — How does it come that you have to pay $1.00 to join the Illinois State while you can get it for $.50 if you are a member of the National? Mr. Baldridge — I suppose the legisla- ture provided for the publication of the report. Does not the State make an appropriation of $500 a year? Mr. Coppin — Con you join the Na- tional Association as a body by paying $.50 for membership fee for the North- western and the Illinois State? Mr. Miller — I move that this Asso- ciation join the National. Motion seconded. Mr. France — What do you get for joining the National? Mr. Kildow — I get nothing. Mr. France — In Wisconsin we voted three years ago not to affiliate. That we would continue to pay $.50 a year State dues, and, if we joined the Na- tional, that is independent; it is simply subscribing for the Review. Mr. Hawkins — I would like to see the Chicago -Northwestern Association stay out of the National; not as a mat- ter of personal enmity at all; I do not think we get two cents worth of good out of it, and there are a great many members in the Chicago-Northwestern who do not care to be members of the National. And, as this man suggested a while ago, before very long we are going to be called upon to pay the amount that is due yet on . the Review. It is time that some of these energetic members dig down in their pockets and pay $5 or $10. I would like to see the dues of the Chicago-Northwestedn raised to $1.00, $.50 to go to Mr. Stone, and $.50 to take care of our business. Mr. Miller — I do not believe it pays us to be knockers or anything of that sort. These people who are running the National may not do it as we think the best way, but if the National is going to be of any value to us we must get to the front and help them do something. If they have not done any- thing in the past, we cannot afford to drop it now; we must be boosters and not knockers. I am willing to pay that $10 or $15 or $25 if it is going to be worth while; if it is going to be worth that to me I am willing to pay it. We have to help those things along if we expect to get results. The reason it is not get- 152 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ting results is because so many people are pulling backward. I am not in favor of some of the things they have done but we cannot make it any better by knocking. We ought to be represented by a periodical. We have two other good Bee Journals; they are all right in their sphere but we want to be repre- sented by a Journal of our own, and when I say we I mean the bee-keepers. We should have an organization that will help us sell our honey. The fruit growers of California have an organi- zation in every agency in the United States; why cannot the bee-keepers do the same thing? And we can do this if we pull together. If we do not pull together it will re- sult in failure. I am willing to pay whatever is. necessary to put the thing on a sound basis. Mr. Kildow — They have run it two or three years; how much benefit have you got out of it? Mr. Miller — I have got more than $10 of benefit this year in purchasing sup- plies. Mr. Ahlers — I pay the same price without the National. Mr. Miller — You can get those now but if there v/as no National you could not buy 5-pound pails for $4.25; it is because the National is there and ready to furnish us with it. Before we had the parcel post we had to pay express prices, and it is the same in this. Mr. Bull — I make a motion we all stand up who think they got fifty cents worth of good from the National last year. Ten got good out of the National. Mr. Bull — How many did not? Nine arose. Mr. Miller — I would like to ask those gentlemen why they did not. Is it not their own fault? Mr. France — I got good by being a subscriber to the Review; that doesn't entitle me to membership — but, when it comes to buying supplies, I could do myself justice, although a member of the National, not to buy my supplies through them. I could buy mj^ cans or pails in Chicago at the same price that I could buy them of the National As- sociation, and I would have the freight from Chicago to Detroit additional to pay. The price of the Canning Company in Chicago' today is the Fame as before the National took this matter up. Pres. Kannenberg — A motion is be- fore the House as to whether we join the National. Question: All in favor that we join the National in a body please rise. Eleven for; against — 9. Mr. France — Will that obligate the entire membership to join the Na- tional? Mr. Dadant — If they 'pay their dues. Pres. Kannenberg — It is carried. Mr. Wheeler — It seems to me every man in this room must have an opinion, and I do not think it would be any more than fair to the rest of us fellows to express it. We can stand up or sit down on that question; it is an even toss-up. Mr. Ahlers — This vote is not fair; there are lots of people who do not show their colors. Give them a chance to vote in writing and turn it down or not as they see fit; this vote is not fair. Mr. Hawkins — I should like to make a motion that the motion that this As- sociation join the National in a body be recalled and that all the members bo allowed to vote secret ballot. Now I am going to join the National if you go in aL body; I am going to abide by the decision of the majority. I move that we vote a secret ballot. Motion seconded. Mr. Hawkins — I will go with the ma- jority. Mr. Sylvester — Maybe you are look- infe- upon us fellows who are sitting down ag not wishing to vote. In the first place I am not a member of any Association and I want to belong to this , Association as well as the Na-- tional. But I do not want to get up and vote when I am not entitled to vote; I have paid no dues, consequently I kept my seat. Pres. Kannenberg — We will have five minutes recess to allow you to pay your dues. Mr. Dadant — There is a motion be- fore the house to recall that motion. Pres. Kannenberg — All in favor of recalling that motion, say yes; con- trary, no. Motion to recall carried. Mr. Wheeler — Now I joined the Northwestern and the National last year. Am I not a member now at the present, time? Why am I obliged to pay my dues now? I am already a member. Why cannot I vote before I join this Association? What is the use of paying $1.50 and then trusting ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 153 to Providence for getting part of it back? The question is, are we not, who were members last year, members uj) to the present time, and now? Mr. Dadant — I think Mr. Wheeler is right; you are joining now for next year. Mr. Miller — The difficulty in .ioining the National individually instead of in a body is that we are not represented by delegates at the National. There is nobody there to represent us and give the opinions and the desires of the members who belong to this Associa- tion. I went to the National last year as an individual; I had nothing to say in regard to what was done. If we join in a body we can be represented, •otherwise not; I think we should be represented in the proceedings of the National. Now there is a new constitution to be voted upon. Do we want that new constitution or don't we? If we do not send a delegate we cannot instruct them. Mr. ' Kildow — You have no right to charge $1.50 for next year. Mr. Dadant — I find in my minutes November 30th and December 1st, 1910, as follows: "On motion it was elected that the dues of the Association be increased to $1.50 per year, excepting those who are already members of the National, and those will pay $1.00 a year." Mr. Hawkins — It occurred to me that, if we also are made members of the State Association by paying dues of $1.00, those who would not be rep- resented by delegate if we do not join the National in a body would be rep- resented by delegate of the State. Mr. Bull — If we join the National by this Association we get double repre- sentation. Pres. Kannenberg — We will have five minutes recess to pay dues'. Pres. Kannenberg — We have a letter we will ask the Secretary to read. My Dear Mr. Dadant: I am enclosing credential cards for your representative to the National As- sociation to be held in Denver in Feb- ruary. Please fill out and return one to me and the other to your delegate. You should carefully arrange that the persons appointed w'ill attend the meeting. Otherwise you will lose part of your proper share of desired legisla- tion. In the event that it is not pos- sible for you to secure one of your own members to attend the Association, you are privileged to appoint some one, even outside of your state, to repre- sent you by proxy. In such case you should specifically instruct your proxy as to the policy you wish to endorse, the officers you wish to elect, the ac- tion you wish him to take on the pro- posed amendments, and any other ac- tion you wish him to take for you. You are one of the component parts of the Association and as such you are entitled to a voice in all the actions taken in this meeting. If the action taken in your absence does not please you it is your loss and you can blame no one else for it. If you fail to be represented you lose part of the bene- fits of the Association. I would insist that every affiliated Association send its representative in person preferably, otherwise by proxy, fully instructed as to your needs. Can I have the assurance that you will at- tend to this personally so that it will not be neglected? Please return the cards and advise me as to the actions that have been taken. I remain, Yours, GEO. W. WILLIAMS, Secretary National Bee-Keepers'- As- sociation. Pres. Kannenberg — There is a mo- tion in order that we shall join the Na- tional in a body. Mr. Hawkins — I move the method of voting by ballot as I suggested. Motion seconded. Mr. Miller — This question is, I be- lieve, still debatable. I think this sub- ject should be more fully discussed. Pres. Kannenberg — The motion is that we join in a body the National Bee-Keepers' Association. Are there any remarks on that motion? Mr. Hawkins — We will call the mo- tion for vote by ballot. Mr. Miller — I rise to a point of order; that this motion is still debatable; there are other people who would like to speak on this subject. Pres. Kannenberg — All in favor of this motion to take a vote by ballot signify it by saying aye; contrar5', no. The motion was carried. Pres. Kannenberg — The question is open for debate. Mr. Bull — Mr. President, it seems to me that if these other Associations all quit the National and leave them out in the cold — what 'is going to become 154 FOURTEENTH ANNUAI^ REPORT OF THE of the Review? Is not the Review worth the price we are paying for it? I have taken that Review for a good many years, when Mr. Hutchinson pub- lished it; I have not missed a copy since. If that Review is not worth $1.00 to any bee-keeper who has two or three hives or more, why, I don't know what I want to say about it. Mr. Kneser — -I believe exactly as Mr.. Bull and Mr. Miller have stated. I am willing to pay that $.50 and I think if we bee-keepers would ask a bigger price for honey we would be willing to pay extra without so much wrangling. I would like to see a lot of bee-keepers help the National. Mr. Bull — I think the free advertis- ing we get in the Review is worth the price of the Review. Mr. Wheeler — What guarantee have we that the Review will be published? Mr. Bull — All we have to do is to be behind it and push it; if we knock it we won't accomplish any good. Mr. Hawkins — I think it will stay; as I understand it, if the Association should fail to pay the balance of the debt by a certain time the title to the organ goes back to the original owner; there is no doubt that he would con- tinue to publish.it. Mr. Bull — In case the Review should go into bankruptcy, who is holdeh for it? Who has to pay the bill? I believe the gentleman said a little while ago if the Review went under that we would be called upon to pay $1C.00 or $25.00 to take care of it. Mr. Kildow — I understand the Na- tional is not incorporated and we would not have to pay for it. Mr. Bull — As near as I can under- stand it, from the Cincinnati meeting, the people who bought that Review are holden for it. They are making a brave effort; I say, stand behind them; they are doing their best. Mr. Wheeler — I would like to know who holds the mortgage of the Re- view. I believe Mr. France knows. Mr. France — I believe Mr. Tyrrell holds the mortgage, signed by two directors. The question comes up: Are those two directors responsible? Are they going to hold the member- ship, that is the membership at this time? The injustice of it is that they signed that contract before the mem- bers were notified. The members were not asked whether they should pur- chase or not purchase the Review. I am sorry for the conditions. I myself anr» a subscriber to the Review and will be as long as it is published, although every issue runs the National more and more in debt. It is ,an expense to our Association every year. Mr. Hawkins — I had a talk with Mr. Tyrrell in Detroit. I believe it was two years ago next January, and unless I am badly mistaken he told me he had a contract between himself and two of the directors that they were to buy the Review for a certain amount within a certain time. I believe there is another year to run, and that, if the full amount was not paid in that time, the title would revert to Mr. Tyrrell, and, as I understand it, the amount of money that was paid him would be lost to this Association. Mr. Miller — One point: This is the age of organization. The canning peo- ple are organized; we have organiza- tions of all sorts. We cannot accom- plish any thing without organization, and that is why I believe in uphold- ing the National. It is an organization that will assist us in many points if we put it on a proper footing. I deplore same of the things they have done in the past, but we must look to the future and not the past. Will it help us in the future if we help it along? I believe it will. Mr. Hawkins — I would like to hear from Mr. France if he knows why the Wisconsin Association withdrew their affiliation. Mr. France — As individuals we couid not see wherein we would be benefited for the amount of the payment. There are over fifty in our state who are sub- scribers to the Review but not mem- bers of the National. They say that if the Review is worth while it will pub- lish itself, and that the subscription price ought to pay it, and we paid our $1.00 subscription gladly, but not as a National member. Pres. Kannenberg — I will appoint Brother Wheeler and Brother Bull as tellers. Pres. Kannenberg — If the tellers are ready to make a report, having counted the ballots, we will hear the same. The result of the vote was: Yeas — 19; Nays— 15. Pres. Kannenberg — The motion to join the National in a body is carried; we will now be represented in the Na-" tional; the election of a delegate will be in order. ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 155 Mr. Dadant — Mr. President, I would like to ask if anybody in this room expects to go to Denver to the National Association Convention at their own expense. Mr. Bull — I expect I will go. Mr. Burnett — Mr. President, I nomin- ate Mr. John C. Bull ag our delegate to the National Convention. A member — I move that the norhlna- tions be closed. Motion seconded and carried, and the Secretary was instructed to cast the ballot of this Convention for Mr. John C. Bull as delegate. Mr. Dadant — The next thing in order is the question of joining the State in a body. Mr. Bull — If there is any one else who has an idea of going, it would be well to have an alternate. Mr. Miller thinks he will go; I nominate him as an alternate. Motion seconded and carried. Mr. Dadant — I move you that we join the Illinois State Association in a body. Motion seconded and carried. - Pres. Kannenberg — We have a paper here from the Review about a dona- tion. If this Association wants to donate anything for the Secretary, to send him to Denver, Colorado, we will have to vote on it; if not, we won't send anything. I would like to have remarks. Mr. Miller — I would like to ask the Secretary if we have the money. Mr. Dadant — The books show that we have $1.86 in the Treasury at the present time. We have some money coming from the State Association, about $14 or $15. Mr. Burnett — Are the delegates and alternates expected to pay their own expenses? Mr. Dadant — Yes. Mr. Burnett — It seems to me if we have any money to vote out we ought to vote it to the delegates, but, our Treasury being bankrupt, I do not see what we can do. Mr. Miller — I think the delegate here and the alternate are willing to pay their own expenses. I move that the $5 suggested be voted the National for the expense of the Secretary. Mr. Bull — I have the same thing to say about it. Mr. Wheeler — Second the motion. A member — If our delegates can pay their own expenses, what is the matter with the National's Secretary paying hig own expenses? Mr. Wheeler — I understand this gen- tleman said like this: If you will pay us $5 for expenses we will turn that $5 over to help pay for the Review; if that is not the case I will withdraw my second to that motion. Mr. Miller — My motion was that the $3 be given to defray the expenses of the National Secretary of the Associ- ation at the convention to be held in Denver. Mr. Bull— I second that motion. Pres. Kannenberg — All in favor of this motion that we donate $5 to this Secretary of the National say aye; contrary, no. The motion was lost. Mr. Hawkins — I make a motion that we adjourn. Motion to adjourn seconded and car- ried, to convene at 1:30 p. m. AFTERNOON SESSION. Meeting convened at 2 o'clock Jan- uary 18, 1915. Pres. Kannenberg — Nominations are now open for President. A member — Mr. President, I nom- inate N. E. France for President. Motion seconded. Pres. Kannenberg — Mr. N. E. France Is nominated; are there any other nominations? Mr. France — I think you should elect some one who lives near to Chicago, some one whom you may depend on; I have promised five different places that I would be at their convention this year, and you are the only one where I have been. • A member — That is the reason you should be President of this. Mr. France — If it is in order I would like to nominate Mr. Kannenberg, our present President. Mr. Wheeler — I second that nomina- tion. Pres. Kannenberg — Are there any other nominations? Mr. Simmons — I move you the nom- inations be closed. Motion seconded and carried. Mr. Kannenberg — I appoint Brothers Bull and Wheeler as tellers. The tellers made report as follows: Mr. France — 15; Mr. Kannenberg — 10. Pres. Kannenberg — I declare Brother France elected as President for the 156 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE next ensuing year of the Chicago- Northwestern Bee-Keepers' Associa- tion. Pres. Kannenberg — Whom will you nominate as Vice-President? Mr. Dadant — Mr. E. S. Miller. Mr. Miller — I have more business than I can attend to. A member — I second the nomination of Mr. Miller. Mr. Dadant — I move the nominations be closed and the unanimous vote of this association be given Mr. E. S. Miller for Vice-President. Motion seconded and carried. Pres. Kannenberg — Mr. E. S. Miller is declared elected Vice-President of this Association. Whom will you have for Secretary-Treasurer? Mr. Baldridge — Mr. Louis C. Dadant. Mr. Dadant — I have been in office for several years; I w-ould rather be ex- cused. Mr. Bull — I nominate Mr. E. H. Bruner as Secretary-Treasurer. Mr. Dadant— I withdraw my nomina- tion if Mr. Baldridge will allow. Mr. Dadant — Mr. President, I move you that the unanimous vote of this Association be cast for Mr. E. H. Bruner as Secretary-Treasurer of this Association. Motion carried and Mr. Bruner de- clared so elected. Mr. France — Before going any fur- ther I am reminded that up in our state we have a standing legislative committee; I think it would be well that you have such a legislative com- mittee. Pres. Kannenberg — How many mem- bers do you elect? Mr. France — Not to exceed three; a committee of one to three is better than one hundred. Pres. Kannenberg — We are now open for the election of a legislative com- mittee of three. Mr. France — I would suggest, Mr. President, that one of that committee be your State Inspector, who is the one directly interested in your welfare, and if there is anything that turns up he would be likely to know it first. A member — I nominate Mr. Kildow. Seconded and carried. Mr. Dadant — Your coming Secretary, Mr. Bruner, is right here in Chicago and he probably could do us lots of good here. He would be the man to put on that committee; I would sug- gest our future President, Mr. N. E. France, Mr. Kildow, and Mr. Bruner be elected the legislative committee; they are all wide awake; are on to the ropes, and will know what to do when the time comes. I make a motion to this effect. Motion seconded and carried. Pres. Kannenberg — Mr. N. E. France, Mr. Kildow and Mr. Bruner will serve on that committee. The next thing on the program is Stimulative Feeding, by Mr. Kenneth Hawkins. Stimulative Feeding. (By Mr. Kenneth Hawkins.) Mr. Hawkins — I am too young in ex- perience to come before a Convention of bee-keepers and tell you very much. I do not believe that stimulative feeding is necessary except in very rare instances, especially for the pro- ducer of honey. I know in my own experience that a great many times I have found queens in the spring of the year, after a hard winter when the stores would be light, that had not yet started to lay very many eggs. In fact this last spring I found one or two that even after all the others had got- ten a good start had not yet laid a single egg. You may say, on the spur of the moment, that you would not have such a queen in j'our apiary; it must be a pretty poor one. But I think some of you will agree with me that if a colony should go into winter quarters lacking stores, and have a hard w^inter, and having fruit bloom frozen so that the only stores were from a few dandelion, and would struggle along, and in spite of freezing nights and continual rain — that under such circumstances it might be well, and I have found, the feeding of a very thin syrup, not more than once or twice, will do a great deal to start that queen laying immediately; and like a good many other people you might say that all she seemed to need was a little helping hand; and a little stimu- lative feeding of that sort would cause her to lay in good shape and be all the better for it. I believe most experienced bee-keep- ers think that stimulative feeding should be done in the fall; that it is very foolish rb put a colony in winter quarters with just stores enough to , carry them through the winter and de- pend on fruit bloom or dandelion or ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 157 whatever your spring flow is to get them going in the spring. It may seem pretty expensive to buy sugar at war-time prices and feed it, but 1 think it always pays to put a colony in winter quarters with a great many stores because it has been evi- dent to me that colonies in the spring, with an abundance of honey, do more towards building up than colonies that require stimulative feeding. It seems to me it does not make any difference how much sugar you shoot into a colony in the spring, it does not do as much good as if they had their own honey to use. Some advocate changing the combs around inside the hive. I have found that best in my locality. We do not have a honey flow until about the middle of June anyway, sometimes the last of May. For the last four years now the flow from fruit bloom — it has been entirely frozen. I found in a number of colonies this spring there was a very small amount of brood in because of no honey flow. It only required three or four pints of thin syrup to pack that hive full of brood almost more than they could cover, and I have no doubt if I had not fed that thin syrup the queen would have gone along probably quite a time before she would have anywhere near like more brood than she could cover. I can heartily endorse the action of the Chicago -Northwestern last year in endorsing Mr. Thale's feeder. You can always see your feed; and this feeder works with the least trouble to the bee-keeper; you can tell when it is empty by being always able to see your feed, and with almost no dis- turbance you can flU the feeder up again.. I think it is much better to feed from the bottom of a colony than from the top because it seems to me that opening the hive on cool days in the spring from the top, even for a short time, to lift out the feeder and put in another, lets a large amount of heat out of there and that must be detri- mental to the colony and the queen. For feeding in the fall where any amount is fed, I think the Thale feeder is hardly the thing; you cannot feed enough at a time. I should then prefer the Miller. One of the members said they used a friction top can; punched holes in and set it over the frame. It seems to me in the fall the quicker you can get the syrup into the hive after the time you start to feed, the better it is for the bees and all concerned. Your labor is over more quickly. The Division Board feeder I do not like. I do not believe very many peo- ple like it very well. It either feeds too fast or too slow; that is my ex- perience. This last fall when I had to feed a number of colonies to get them into winter shape, I had the worst time to get the bees to take honey out of the Division Board feeder; I tried mixing it thin, mixing it tliick, and mixing it medium, and I came nearly to a point of putting a little strong drink in the feed. I had to go back to the Thale feeder or use the Miller feeder. I do not think it best to use any- thing besides sugar syrup for stimu- lative purposes. One might buy honey and thin it down, but I think in these days of American foul brood one runs too much of a risk in getting honey from diseased sources. course it is possible to dilute this and boil it, but it has been my ex- pei-ience that the bees do not take it so readily. It seems to change the taste; I know it changes the color; and sugar syrup is the best all round. Of course when breeding queens there is no doubt that stimulative feeding is necessary almost any time unless there is a big honey flow on. 1 think you will find if you raise your own queens you will get 75 per cent more cells accepted if you feed them an am.ount of thin syrup than if you do not use any, and looking at it from a queen breeder's point of view, which is about the only point of view I have, I like the feeder best. In raising queens : I cut a small hole in the bottom of my super box and inserted a Miller feeder; I fixed a block on the inside of the box so that the feed could be reflated as it is on the hive without the bee escape, and I found that worked much better than to put the two combs of honey in swarm box or division feeder in the swarm box. I do not know that there is much more that I can say about Stimulative 158 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Feeding worth while because my ex- perience has been too short. I told the Secretary when he asked me to talk on Stimulative Feeding I did not think I knew very much about it. Mr. Miller — There is one correction: I don't think he said just what he meant about punching holes in the bottom of a friction top pail; he said "punch holes in the pail"; if you do that the honey will run out. Punch holes in the cover and invert the pail, or else, without using the cover, fill the pail and place over it cheesecloth — and invert the whole thing. I find that a bee escape board with the opening in is very convenient as it allows the escape of heat from the hive. If the holes are punched in the pail as he says the sugar syrup will run out. Mr. Hawkins — I meant punch holes in the cover. Mr. Bull — I use for stimulative feed- ing: A friction top can; instead of using the bee escape I use common ordinary roofing paper; I can get scraps for practically hauling away. I cut the heavy paper the same size as the hive; and cut a little circle smaller than your can, cover it over, and no heat can escape. That roofing paper is air tight; set your can over that. When you want to change, take the empty one off and put the new one on quicker than a wink. Mr. Hawkins — Speaking about di- vision board feeder, I have seen so many complaints in bee journals; has any one had experience with the di- vision board feeder? It pays to take a small stick just as wide and long as the feeder and put that in and let it float on top of the syrup and the bees have something to sit on, and it keeps them from floating ii\ the syrup and drowning. I think it is necessary to use a stick in the di- vision board feeder. Mr. Bull — I have some division board feeders and use a stick something like the bottom bar right inside the feeder; leave it there all the time, and that will keep the bees from drowning; I never had any bees drown. Mr. France — Just a word in regard to that float in that style of feeder. If the corners of that float are cut round ft "will not catch and stick on the side. Mr. Sylvester — I am a kind of new man here. I do not know very much about bee-keeping anyway but I know one thing that if a man followed all the suggestions that are offered in the journals and the circulars that are published he would not have very much left after he had sold his honey crop. I find that in feeding bees the most simple way has always been the best with me. I have heard this gentleman talk about the division board feeders. When I started in bee-keeping everything that was in the catalogue I had to have, no matter what it cost, and those division board feeders, I believe, will swallow more bees than they will save; although I put the float and perforated it with holes, I gener- ally had about % to % inch of dead bees down at the bottom of the feeder. I have tried the Miller feeder, and I have got piled up in my bee house many feeders. I tried everything in the catalogue. I think that you can feed bees with an inverted can, or simply put a pan or anything that will feed inside of your super; I put a gunny sack over the top of that, and the bees get every drop of syrup out of that and never drown a )Dee. You have to simplify things if you are going to get anything out of your honey. If you spend everything for experimenting and fixtures there will be nothing left when your honey crop is in. A member — I think you can go fur- ther, and start out and standardize and then you have one size all the way through your yard and everything fits. Mr. Bull — That is a good idea; keep everything the same. When you have two oi* three of every kind along the line you are up against a hard propo- sition. Mr. Sylvester — I had the 8 frame hive that was advocated to be the best. Then I got a circular from sonie men jn Michigan stating that there was only one hive you could produce comb honey with and that was the Hadden hive; so I tried a lot of Hadden hives, and when I came to winter my bees — and the spring came, I did not have any bees. They were all right through tlie summer. So one thing after another I got in trying to get the best, and I have tried nfc . If crop was 20 lbs. per colony 16c, and 3 — 19c. If crop was 30 lbs. per colony. 10c. and 3 — 13c. , If crop was 40 lbs. per colony. 8c. and 3 — lie. | ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 169 The 3 cents added is for section, foundation, setting up, cleaning, cas- ing, etc., and refers, of course, to comb honey. If the crop was extracted instead of comb honey and we got 40 lbs. per colony the cost would be, without fig- uring cost of extracting or tins to put the honey in, 8 cents per lb., and if the crops was 100 lbs. it would have cost, aside from cost of extracting and tins, 3 1-6 cents per lb. Extracting and tins would cost 2 to 4 cents per lb. addi- tional, depending upon circumstances. Under the head of distribution, the two points to be considered are selling and delivering, and thej are so inti- mately related to each other that it is usually best to consider the'm together. One may keep his selling expense down to a 2 cent stamp if he merely wishes to ship his product to a whole- saler or a commission house. The other extreme in selling is go- ing direct to the consumer and deliv- ering the goods direct to the consumer. Between^ these two extremes per- haps lies the best course for most of us. If one can find retail gorcers al- ready equipped with the means for distributing goods we can perhaps put our crop into the hands of the con- sumer more economically through them than we can in any other way. If it is certain that we can dispose of our crop to the best advantage through retail grocers, then by all means make use of this legitimate means of distribution. If one is not in position to solicit business through retail grocers him- self, then he can still make use of the services of the commission man. But before deciding definitely that we want to market our crop through retailers or through wholesalers it would be well perhaps to consider a few facts. There are millions of people in this country and it is a fact that these millions of people use about one-sixth as much honey per head of population as do the peoples of Europe. Now, mind you, the consumer in Europe has about one-fifth as much money to buy honey with as we have here. Yet they buy six times as much honey as we do per head. On the other hand, it is said that we use several times as much sugar per head as does our European cousin. It is not that we have not a liking for sweets, but it is, instead, that we use the sugar instead of the honey. The sugar is cheaper and less healthful than the honey, that our European cousin buys at a consider- ably higher cost per pound, even though he has not nearly as much money with which to buy as we have. Now, whose fault is it that we do not sell more honey to the consumer in this country? The Singer Sewing Machine com- pany probably maintains the largest and most complete selling organization in the world. Its problem was quite similar to ours. There were millions of people who they thought needed sewing machines. To sell millions of sewing machines it was necessary to convince their customers that they needed sewing machines and they found that direct personal appeal and demonstration was the most practical, therefore most economical and most logical method of distribution for them. Their problem was first to edu- cate the consumer to the need of or desirability of a sewing machine and in particular to the need of a Singer sewing machine. Our problem is first to educate the consumer to the need of the use of honey and then in par- ticular of our own brand of honey. Another m6ans of educating the public to the use of honey and in par- ticular our brand of honey is through printed publicity through using news- paper or magazine space or by direct appeal by mail. But here again the object is to educate the consumer to the use of honey and especially to the use of our particular brand of honey. Possibly it might be best to use this direct to the consumer appeal in con- nection with sales through retail dealers. But in any case the well managed sales department of any up-to-date business sees to it that the consumer is educated to the use of the goods produced and is educated to ask for that particular concern's make or brand, no matter how the distribution is effected, whether through the wholesaler, through the retailer, or di- rect to the consumer. The International Harvester com- pany is an example of very effective work through, and in connection with the retail dealer. Chances are if you want to buy a binder, you will sooner or later have the merits of a binder explained to you personally by a rep- 170 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE resentative of the Harvester company, as well as by your local dealer. This may not be practical in quite the same way in the sale of honey through re- tailers, but one large dealer in honey has this year gone at the sale of honey in this field in a practical and legiti- mate way through retailers by adver- tising in local papers, by display in dealers' windows and stores, and by demonstration work of one kind or another. But we may say that all this costs money. To be sure it does. Mighty little that's desirable in this world today is to be had without pay. But because there is cost connected with doing, a certain thing does not necessarily mean that we eventually pay for it. Advertising or publicity or this educating the consumer to the use of honey is something that the consumer eventually will thank us for (if he gives it consideration at all) and for which the consumer pays. The Singer Sewing Machine com- pany does not sell a sewing machine for $9.00 which costs them $8.00. The International Harvester company adds enough to the cost of making a binder to cover the expense of the special salesman's call upon you and in addi- tion a profit for the retailer, and in addition to that a profit for themselves and even at that you can afford to buy the binder and pay for having them tell you about it. You would not go back to the old cradle with which to harvest your grain, neither would you let your wife go back to hand sewing alone. Instead you are mighty glad to pay for having been told about these good things. In Europe, where money is so scarce that it is worth from four to five times as much as it is here, honey re- tails at 25 to 30 cents per pound in small lots. In this country a low price does not necessarily increase the sale of honey and, in fact, usually it has no bearing at all or little upon the quantity consumed. It costs money to put anything upon the market, no matter whether we sell direct to the consumer by personal solicitation, by mail, or through retailers or whole- salers, and everyone who has a hand in marketing our product must be paid for his services, but it is the con- sumer, the man who wants the honey and who is glad he can get it at all, that must pay for having it brought to him. These costs are legitimate costs and should be added to the price when the honey finally gets into the hands of the consumer, and those of us who sell honey at retail at wholesale prices, or without leaving sufficient margin for the ordinary marketing of their product, are merely standing in their own light and, worse than that, are doing the most they can to discourage any effort at educating these millions of consumers in this country to the use of honey. In selling honey, we must bear in mind that, if our honey has cost us something to produce, it is^^, just as surely going to cost the consumer something to get it into his possession, and, since the consumer is willing to pay a fair price, by all means let him do so. If we wish to go direct to the con- sumer we must hire a competent salesman. Assuming that one sells 50 pounds of honey per day at 25 cents per pound, his sales would be $12.50. To get such salesmen one must pay, say, 30 per cent commision, or say, $3.75 per day. Supposing this same man, who is worth $3.75 per day, sells honey at 15 cents per pound. He is not likely to sell any more at 15 cents than at 25 cents. If he sells 50 pounds, totaling $7.50, and since you will have to pay him $3.75 to keep him, your selling expense will be 50 per cent in- stead of 30 per cent. In other words, the higher the price the less it will cost you in percentage to sell your goods. Worth thinking of, is it not? Assuming you are selling honey at 25 cents per pound, paying 30 per cent or 7% cents per pound for selling, you will find it will cost you nearly as much more to deliver if you are covering any very wide field, but, taking 5 cents per pound as a fair cost for delivering, this makes a total of 12% cents per pound for distributing, leaving you net about 12% 'cents per pound for your honey, and without allowing anything for management expense in connection with the distribution. This selling and delivering or dis- tribution expense is for the consumer to pay and he is paying it on sewing machines; he is paying it on shoes; on clothing; on groceries, on every- thing else that he btiys. Why shouldn't he pay it on honey? There is no rea- son why he should not. ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION m To get back to the cost for distri- bution of honey and to compare it with the selling- price, if we produce honey at 8% cents per pound and sell it through wholesalers at 9 cents per pound, we make nothing. If we put it into. the hands of the consumer at 12y2 cents per pound we will probably lose money because of the extra ex- pense necessary to put it on the mar- ket. If we ask 25 cents per pound and go to the expense of educating con- sumers to the desirability of the use of honey there is a possibility that . we may make enough out of it to pay for our trouble and time in marketing the crop. But there is not anything big in it at that. It is often said that in business one ought to be able to make $5.00 per day profit off of each man employed in production or in selling or distribution. Will bee-keeping as a business measure up to that standard? I don't know. Pres. Kannenberg — Has any one else anything to say along this line? Mr. Bull — I must say that those figures are pretty close to where they belong. It costs money to sell goods as well as it does IjO produce them. What does the farmer get of the con- sumer's $1.00? A member — $.35. Mr. Bull — I say how much does the farmer get of farm products of the consumer's $1.00; taking farm products for instance, I think it is figured out he gets $.43; quite a bit less than half. Why should not the person that dis- tributes honey get something like that proportion. Farm products are con- sidered a necessity; honey is con- sidered a luxury; therefore it is worth more to put it on the market. The same way with a Binder or a Sewing Machine, it costs more to sell it than to make it; the same way with an automobile; it costs more money to sell it than to manufacture it. If we are going to say honey is worth 8 or' 10 or 12 cents a pound = wholesale and retail it for $.12^4 where do we land? Mr. Burnett — I presume the time for adjournment is growing near, but be- fore we adjourn I think it would be fitting if we should call attention to the program, which has practically been finished by this last paper of Mr. Bruner's. When I read this paper I thought that the Secretary had called largely on faith in preparing it but while he has assumed perhaps in the case of Mr. Hofman and others that they would be here because he so much de- sired it — those who have been here have acquitted themselves in an ex- emplary manner, and I think this is one of the profitable occasions upon which bee-keepers and their associates have convened. Now, therefore, I move you, sir, that a vote of thanks be tendered our Secretary, largely underpaid in his years of service and other respects — for the service, the pains and great labor that he has expended in pre- paring this occasion for us. Motion seconded* and carried by a rising vote. Mr. Dadant — I appreciate your vote of thanks; I have done the best I could. I am sorry that Mr. Pellett and Mr. Hofman and Mr. Baxter could not be here; I could not depend on them. I got a reply from but one or two as. to whether they would be here or not; I am glad it has turned out so well. Pres. Kannenberg — We have a few more questions here. Mr. Wheeler — I think it is in order as long as our President is going out of office to have a rising vote of thanks for the work he has done. I make a motion that a rising vote of thanks be given for what he has done. Motion seconded and carried. Pres. Kannenberg — Thank you, broth- ers, for the honor, and really in fact I have not done very much but I did as good as I could. Pres. Kannenberg — We will have a few more questions. Mr. Burnett — Have the officers been elected for the ensuing year? Mr. Dadant — Yes — Mr. N. E. France, President; Mr. E. H. Bruner, Secretary- Treasurer. Question — What is the best way to liquefy honey ? A miember — Eat it. Mr. Dadant — I thinR Mr. Miller can give us something that he and Mr. Bull and several others have tried. Mr. Miller — Whatever I have to say will have to be brief; my train goes in a few minutes. I have constructed an oven to liquefy honey by means of dry heat, using gas where we can get it. The oven holds 172 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE 60 lb. cans about 3 ft. long, a little over 2 ft. wide, lined with asbestos, and has passing through lengthwise four pieces of gas pipe 1 inch to sup- port the cans. It has two gas burners below for furnishing the heat; at the top there is a cover that fits tightly and in the cover there is an opening with cork in it; and a thermometer through this cork. We can regulate the thermometer. The gas has to be turned very low in order to keep the heat down to where it should be; turn it about as low as we can to keep the gas burning. It takes about 12 hours to liquefy six cans of honey. I have found this difficulty; cans get hotter at the top than at the bottom. I am testing this out. I have taken a flat p;ece of sheet iron and put it over the supports that held the can and set 60 lb. cans on this piece of sheet iron; that enables the flame to heat this flat piece of sheet iron and .the bottom of can so that the bottom will heat possibly faster than the top. I have been using this for two years. Mr. Bull has a similar arrangement but his is much larger. He can tell you more about it than I can. Mr. Bull — I would like to know the depth of yours. Mr. Miller — I do not remember the exact dimensions; I think the distance between the bottom of the can and the bottom of the heater is about 10 inches. His plan was to invert the cans and let the honey run out but I And it does not completely liquefy; you have to put the cans right side up and pour out afterwards. Mr. Bull — I use about the same thing; I made a tank to start with to hold 6 or 8 cans, letting the honey run out as fast as melted, but I did not try it long. I put the tank on the floor and put' the honey in right side up until they were melted. If I got more honey than would melt I used a larger tank. My tank is 3 feet wide, 2 feet deep and 10 feet long. My tank is too shallow to overcome that, and I cut out the center of bottom about 14 inches wide and set the tank on 2 by lO's set edgewise; 2 by 10 — 10 inches high at one end and 8 at the other; the tank cut out inside at bottom. The whole tank is a little bit slant- ing. My tank will hold 11 cans on each side; if you are crowded you can put 5 cans in the center; I have two burners about 2^/^ feet from each end. I have another outfit that is a little different; I have three burners in that; a tank 8 feet long, 2% feet wide, 2% feet deep. The trouble is if you have your tank there and heat at the bottom, the top of your cans will get too hot for the bottom of the cans. I never tried out the plan of setting the cans on a sheet of metal as he has suggested, but I will watch that care- fully. The top of my tank is galvan- ized iron cover; I do not use any packing to conserve the heat. The honey is generally put up in the winter time and it makes a room comfortable to work in. r have an extra use for the top of that cover. If you wash a friction top can it is practically impossible to take the water out except to dry them out. We set our cans on top of that cover after washing and let the water dry out. Mr. Burnett — What thermometer have you in there? Mr. Bull — I do not use any ther- mometer; I aim to have the cans as not as I can hold them without burn- ing my hands; 125 to 130 degrees, I believe. When you shut your burners off your heat is stopped right then. You can use those same cans over and over again for storage. I can take a can that has had honey in the second time and you cannot tell it from the one that has had honey in the first time. When honey granulates it expands. I never put 60 pounds of honey in a square can; I stop at 55; that leaves sufficient room when I take that cap ofC and empty it without that honey going over everything. The honey after it is melted is run through a 10-cent cheesecloth and vertical strainer (described in the bee papers two or three years ago) — a wire basket 10 or 11 inches in diam- ,eter and a foot deep; make a circle in the cheesecloth and set inside of that and it gives you a vertical strainer; the honey is poured through that strainer and it takes out all particles of wax; more or less pollen will come up there when the honey is. heated. The honey is left standing usually about 12 hours. When you put the honey into cans a little scum will come on top after it is. cool, which is ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 173 air bubbles, I think. Let that honey cool down to probably blood heat be- fore you fill those cans and you will not have that trouble. Have your tank set up 18 inches from the floor on a stand exactly underneath. I take an ordinary wrench" and screw the cap down tight and they are absolutely air tight; the cans will not burst. You can have that can full of gran- ulated honey and can melt that honey as hot as you can hold those cans and it will not burst. Mr. Burnett — At times have you dis- colored your honey? Mr. Bull — Not unless you heat it too high. Mr. Burnett — When you have an iron plate, do you have the honey im- mediately under that plate and have the tank raised on that? Mr. Bull — The can is, I think, about 10% inches across; that leaves you a foot space through the center of the tank. Mr. Burnett — He does not allow the heat to touch his cans directly. Mr. Bull — That would not do at all, no. -I can regulate those burners and the honey will be, when I come back, within 2 degrees of where I want it; I start slow heat. Mr. Bull — The heat is set so that it v/ill start and finish at the same heat. If you are in a hurry you can turn your heat high to start with and gradually reduce the flame. I find I can get the same results by running one straight heat from start to finish. Question — Why is the McEvoV method recommended in preference to the Baldridge treatment of foul brood? I would like to hear from those who have used both methods. Mr. Kildow — I can see no difference only this: Wth the McEvoy treat- ment, you are done with it in a few minutes — as a rule; while with the Baldridge plan it takes about 21 days. One treatment is just as good as the other; I see only the difference in time; I have tried both of them. Mr. Bull — Is not one difficulty with the Baldridge treatment — taking chances on the bees getting through if you happen to leave a space? One ad- vantage of the McEvoy treatment over the others, if you have several yards, you can keep everything in one place. As fast as you treat a colony, take the colony that is healthy away. Do not give them a chance to rob. I do not care how careful you are or how good a hive you have, you are going to leave a hole to crawl through. Mr. Kildow — In the Baldridge plan if you have hives in good order you save practically all the brood, so that helps to balance the matter of time. Mr. Bull— I might say I save that brood — when I shake several colonies and stack the brood up and let it hatch. Whenever you shake a colony of bees out of there into a new hive in a yard, that has the disease, take the colony away. Mr. Kildow — Everybody cannot take theirs away. Mr Bull— That is true but if you have any amount of bees you have to have some outyards. Question — Which disease is the most to be feared, European or American ? Pres. Kannenberg — I think that was > pretty well thrashed out by Mr. France when he spoke of foul brood. Mr. Hawkins — I would like to ask a question. If any one has had ex- perience with European foul brood where you re-queen to cure it, if the queen taken from the diseased colony is put in a colony that is free from disease, will it appear by that trans- mission ? Mr, Dadant— We had a little ex- perience in one yard this year with European. It was the first we had and we thought we would try experiments and that was one of the experiments we tried. Mr. Kildow said we were taking a long chance and we tried about six queens, and they were Italian queens. We took them from colonies that had the disease bad and put them in either queenless colonies or colonies that had killed the queen a short time before, and in every case the colonies developed European foul brood, and not one of the queens we took from one of our yards when there was no disease of any kind, either European or American, and put it in the queenless colony did that colony develop foul brood. We killed her as soon as we found it de- veloped and put in another queen and the disease disappeared. In about six trials it developed in each case. A member — I would like to ask Mr. Kildow if it is necessary to re-queen when treating for American foul brood. 174 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Mr. Kildow — No; not necessary, un- less you happen to have a queen you don't like. The Italian bee sems to be the better house-keeper; seems to clean up better than the common brown bee; that is the only difference that I can see. The Italian seems to be more im- mune than the common bee. Mr. Coppin — I do not see any dif- ference in regard to the race of bees. If foul brood is in the yard my opinion is it will get any of them, whether Italian, Carniolan or black bees. I have had it among them all (both European and American) and I do not see that the Italian stays clear of it any quicker than the others To get rid of the disease, either the European or the American, they have to be treated. Question — Which is the best and the quickest way to increase your apiary? Mr. Coppin — I would say to have a gcod honey flow. Mr. Bruner — Get your bees from the South. Mr. Burnett — I move we adjourn sine die. Pres. Kannenberg — Is there a second to that motion? A member — Second the motion. Pres. Kannenberg — The meeting stands adjourned. At 4:30 p. m. the Convention ad- journed to meet at the call of the Executive Committee. ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 175 jyfaxim"'" prvv^^^iee FIGURE 1 — Hypothetical curve representing tlie fluc- tuations in wild bee life (lower curve) as compared with the maximum prevalence desirable in the orchard during bloom (upper curve), [Author's illustration — Courtesy of McMillan Co.] FIGURE 2 — Bees in Small Orchard. These four colonies are the product of one new swarm, hived in June. It prepared to swarm in July; was quartered and made four good colonies for fall. [Courtesy Doubleday, Page Co.] 176 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OP THE BY-LAWS OF THE 1 National Bee-Keepers' Association, As Adopted at Denver, Colo., February, 1915. Article I. — Name. Section 1. The name of this organi- zation shall be the National Bee- Keepers' Association. Article II. — Objects. Section 1. The objects of this As- sociation shall be to promote the in- terests of bee-keeping by the dis- semination of useful and scientific knowledge concerning the care of Honey Bees and their products; the care of and marketing of Hive prod- ucts; to promote social relations be- tween those engaged in bee-keeping; to create and maintain greater public interest in bee-keeping and its impor- tance in relation to agriculture and horticulture, and to advance the wel- fare of the members by all means not inconsistent with the law of the land and the By-Laws of the Association. Article III — Powers. Se'c. 1. The Association shall have power: (a) To have and keep a corporate seal. (b) To hold under its corporate name such property as shall be deemed necessary and useful in carrying out the purposes of its organization. (c) To print, publish and distribute such magazines, papers or other pub- lications or periodicals as may be deemed essential to the purposes of the Association. (d) To promote lecture courses, field meetings and other educational means and methods in the science of bee- keeping as shall be deemed best cal- culated to promote the welfare of the Association and its members. (e) To sell, lease or otherwise dis- pose of any property of the Association no longer needed in carrying on its purposes. Article IV— idetnbership. Section 1. Membership shall be limited to persons who are in sym- pathy with the purposes of this Asso- ciation. Sec. 2. All persons engaged in bee- keeping or kindred occupations, either for profit or pleasure, may become members of this Association by making application in writing therefor to the Secretary of the Association, and re- ceiving a majority of votes of the members present at any regular or special meeting. Sec. 3. Any • Association or Society heretofore or hereafter organized for purposes in harmony with the objects of this Association may affiliate with this Association by adopting resolu- tions therefor and making application to the Secretary of this Association and receiving a majority of the votes of the members, present at any regular or special meeting, whereupon the members of said Affiliated Organiza- tion become members of this Associ- ation. Sec. 4. Each Afllliated Association shall be entitled to elect one delegate to attend the National meeting, who shall present proper credentials, and, if correct, such delegate shall be en- titled to one vote for every fifty mem- bers or fraction thereof in this local Association. Sec. 5. A membership fee of one dollar and fifty cents per annum shall be paid by each member of the Asso- ciation, whether such member becomes so by affiliation of the organization of which he is a member, or otherwise. Sec. 6. Membership in this Associa- tion shall cease upon failure to pay the annual fees, or to conform with the provisions of the Charter and By-Laws of this Association. Article V — Offroers. Section 1. The officers of this As- sociation shall be a President, Vice- President and Secretj^ry -Treasurer, who shall hold their respective oflSces for one year, or until theif successors ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 177 are elected and qualified, and a Board of five Directors, who shall hold their offices for a period of two years or until their successors are elected and qualified. The Officers and Directors shall be elected at the Annual Meeting in each year; provided. That two Di- rectors shall be elected in odd years and three Directors shall be elected in even years. Article VI — Duties of Officers. Section 1. The duties of the Presi- dent shall be to preside at all regular and special meetings of the Association and act as Chairman of the Board of Directors. Sdt. 2. The duties of the Vice-Pres- ident shall be to preside in the absence of the President. Sec. 3. The duties of the Secretary- Treasurer shall be to keep a record of the proceedings of the meetings of the Association and its Board of Directors, maintain a list of all members of the Association, with their addresses, col- lect, receipt and care for the member- ship dues and all funds of the Asso- ciation, unless otherwise ordered by the Directors, place such funds in such depository as may be provided by the Directors and shall pay out such money in the way and manner author- ized by the Board of Directors and perform such other duties as required of him by the laws governing the Association. Sec. 4. The duties of the Board of Directors shall be to have general supervision of the affairs of the Asso- ciation, fix the compensation of its various officers and employees, author- ize the making of contracts of the Association, direct the disbursement of the funds, approve all bills against the Association and perform such other duties as may from time to time be im.posed upon them by the By-Laws of the Association. Article VII — Committees. Section 1. The standing committees of this Association shall consist of an Executive Committee, consisting of the President, Vice-President and Sec- retary-Treasurer, and such other com- mittees as may from time to time be created by By-Law or Resolution. Sec. 2. The executive committee shall have charge of all routine and executive work which may require at- tention in the interim between the meetings of the Board of Directors. Article VIII— Meetings. Section 1. The Annual Meeting of the Association shall be held during the month of February of each year, the exact date to be determined by the Executive Committee and the Board of Directors. The Annual Meet- ings shall be composed of members of the Association in good standing and duly accredited delegates, selected by the Affiliated Associations. Sec. 2. Special Meetings of the As- sociation may be called at any time by the Executive Committee. Sec. 3. The Regular Meetings of the Board of Directors shall be held im- mediately following the Annual Meet- ings, and also on Sec. 4. Special meetings of the Board of Directors may be called at any time by the President of the Asso- ciation. Article IX — Funds. Section 1. There shall be created a fund to be known as the General Fund, and also a fund to be known as the Subscription Fund. Fifty cents of the membership fee, herein provided, shall go into the General Fund and one dol- lar into the Subscription Fund. Sec. 2. The expenses of carrying on the business of the Association, includ- ing the compensation of the various officers and other expenses not other- wise provided for, shall be paid out of the General Fund. The Subscription Fund, and all surplus moneys remain- ing after the necessary expenses of the Association have been paid, shall be expended as the Association shall direct, in the circulation of literature in relation to bee-keeping, to provide lecture courses and such other educa- tional means and methods as may be deemed essential to the interest of the Association and its members. Article X — Amendments. Section 1. These By-Laws may be amended at any regular meeting of the Association, by a two-thirds vote of the members present, provided, how- ever, that at least ninety days' notice has been given to all Affiliated Asso- ciations of the proposed amendment. —12 0^ IIjT^TNOIS state BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 179 DR. BURTON N. GATES. President, 1915. Amherst. Mass. WESLEY FOSTER, Secretary-Treasurer. 1915. Boulder, Colo. MINUTES OF THE National Bee-Keepers' Association, Denver, Colo., February, 1915. Opening Session, February 16th. The National Bee-Keepers' Associa- tion convention convened in Denver on February 16, 1915, the President, Dr. Burton N. Gates, calling the meeting to order at 9:30 A. M. The following committees were ap- pointed : CREDENTIALS: E. J. Baxter, F. E. Millen, Frank C. Pellett. RESOLUTIONS: Prof. Francis Jager, D. C. Polhemus, George W. Wil- liams. Special committee of one on Pro- gram: Emil J. Baxter. Invitations were read inviting the next annual meeting of the Association to be held in the following cities: Buffalo, N. Y.; New Orleans, La.; and a resolution presented by Dr. Gates inviting the Association to Springfield, Mass. The matter was referred to the Committee on Resolutions. The Credential Committee presented their preliminary report (See copy of committee reports). Moved and carried that a mimeo- graph copy be made of the official dele- gate list and copies be distributed for the different motions. Moved and carried that the Chair appoint an Assistant Secretary to assist in taking the proceedings of the 180 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL. REPORT OF THE meetings. The Chair appointed George Nichols, of Montrose, Colo. The meeting adjourned at 12:20 P. M. AFTERNOON SESSION, FEBRUARY 16, 1915. The delegate session called to* order at 1:00 P. M. The supplementary report of the Credentials Committee was given by E. J. Baxter. (See copy of committee reports.) The President and Treasurer read their reports, which were accepted as read. It was ruled by the Chair that no delegate can transfer his proxy. Mtoved and carried that Dr. Phillips — -Ije^llowed to transfer his delegate ap- pointment to Harry Lathrop in order that Mr. Lathrop might represent his own Wisconsin State Association. Moved and carried that all papers on marketing honey be presented at one session. Moved and carried that Dr. Gates's paper be made a special order of busi- ness for the evening meeting. The Association asked that the Sec- retary-Treasurer's report be given. Clement L. Arthur's report was read. Moved and carried that the report be received and placed on file. J. H. Stoneman, Wesley Foster and E. D. Townsend were appointed as an Auditing Cohimittee. The Editor's report was called for. Summary report was required, which was read by G. "W. Williams, Mr. Townsend being absent. Moved and carried that the report be received and referred to the Auditing Committee. Mr. Townsend's paper on "The Bee- Keeper's Review" was read by Mr. Williams. Moved and carried that it be received and referred to the Audit- ing Committee. Report of the* Committee on the Standardization and Color of Honey, appointed at Cincinnati in 1913, was given by Dr. Phillips. Moved and car- ried that the report be accepted and the committee continued. Dr. Burton N. Gates reported for the Committee on the Standardization of Bee Supplies. Moved and carried that the report be accepted and the com- mittee continued. The President recommended that the fiscal year close on January 31st. Moved and carried that the President's recommendation be accepted, and Feb- ruary 1st was designated as the be- ginning of the fiscal year. PUBLIC SESSION, 3:45 P. M. Mayor Perkins of the city of Denver , gave the address of welcome and granted the liberty of the city. Dr. Bohrer of Kansas responded to Mayor Perkins. "Europe's Greatest Bee-Keepers" — Thomas Cowan and Edward Berstrand. The paper of Mr. C. P. Dadant was read by Mr. L. C. Dadant. The paper on "The Educational Val- ue of Bee-Keepers' Associations," by Mr. A. W. Yates, was read by Mr. Baxter. The paper on "Selling Extracted Honey" by Elmer Hutchison was read by Mr. Williams. The paper was dis- cussed by A. A. Lyons, Harry Lathrop, J. H. Stoneman and others. The paper on "Conditions in Cuba" by D. W. Millar was read by D^. Phil- lips. Open session closed at 4:00 P. M. and delegate session was called to ofder by the President. DELEGATE SESSION. ! The matter of incorporation was taken up and the proposed articles of incorporation were read. Moved by Frank C. Pellett and car- ried: That we approve the action of President Gates in completing the in- corporation of the National Bee-Keep- ers' Association in accordance with instructions of delegates at the St. Louis convention. Adjournment. | EVENING SESSION, FEBRUARY 16, 1915. An invitation was read from the Colorado Honey Producers' Association inviting the National Bee-Keepers' Association to a banquet on Wednes- day evening, the 17th, at 6 o'clock. Mr. E. R. Root gave a talk on "Mi- gratory Bee-Keeping." Mr. Hersperger gave his experience in moving bees from Ordway to southern Arkansas. Mr. Lyons and Mr. Matthews spoke on moving bees. An auto trip to see the Colorado foot- hills was announced by the Committee on Local Arrangements. The meeting then adjourned. E. D. TOWNSEND, Holdover. GEO. W. WILLIAMS. Holdover. J. H. STONEMA.N, E. G. CARR, Newly elected. Newly elected. DIRECTORS NATIONAL ASSOCIATION. Also EMIL J. BAXTER (See picture on page 31). Newly elected. 182 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DELEGATE SESSION, FEBRUARY 17, 1915, 8:45 A. M. The meeting was called to order by Dr. Gates. Debate was had on matter of incor- poration of the Association. Moved by Dr. Phillips and carried, after being discussed by Frank G. Pel- lett. That the delegates' meeting ad- journ at midnight on February 17th, unless, by unanimous consent, it is de- cided to adjourn sooner. Moved by Dr. Phillips and carried, after being seconded by Frank C. Pel- lett. That debate on each question be limited to five minutes and that no delegate may speak more than twice and not more than five minutes in all. Mr. Williams proposed for Mr. Townsend to take over "The Review" without conditions if the debt be liquidated. He would assume the $381.14, the only condition being that "The Review" remain the official organ. Mr. Foster presented the following proposition: "It is proposed that I, with Mr. Polhemus and others, will assume the indebtedness of "The Re- view" if the Association will turn it over to us; and continue it as the offi- cial organ." Moved by Dr. Phillips and carried: That the National Bee-Keepers' Asso- ciation make "The Bee-Keepers' Review" the official organ of the Asso- ciation, subject to the conditions that at any time the directors may discon- tinue this arrangement if the standard of the publication is not sufficiently high, or provided that, if any material appears therein which is not in accord with the National Bee-Keepers' As- sociation, the National Bee-Keepers' Association is in no way financially obligated. Moved by Frank C. Pellett and car- ried to accept the proposition of Mr. Foster to take over "The Review" and assume the $500.00 debt to Mr. Tyrrell. This to be full consideration of pur- chase price. Ten minutes was granted Mr. Wil- liams to present matter pertaining to incorporation papers. PUBLIC SESSION, 10:00 A. M. The paper, "Agricultural College Bee -Keeping," by Mr. Millen, was read by himself. A general discussion fol- lowed. The paper, "A Plea for Better Bees and Queens," by J. Smith, was read by F. C. Pellett. Discussion followed, Messrs. Collins, Root, Phillips, Howe, Pellett, Jager and others taking part. The paper by Prof. Wilmon Newell was read by Dr. Gates. Mr. J. L. Peabody spoke on the de- velopment of the honey extractor, and gave some of his reminiscences of early bee-keeping in Denver. Mr. Moon, another old bee-keeper, gave some of his experiences. The paper, "Autumn Mating to "Con- trol Inheritance in Honey Bees," by Prof. F. W, L. Sladen was read by Mr. Millen. General discussion followed for fifteen minutes, when the meeting adjourned to meet at 2:00 P. M. PUBLIC SESSION, 2:00 P. M. The paper, "Honey Publicity," by George Williams was read by himself. Considerable discussion followed, Dr. Gates, Dr. Bohrer, Mr. Root, Mr. Col- ins and others taking part. Musical selections were rendered by Mrs. Wesley Foster and Mr. E. A. Knemeier. The paper, "Marketing Honey," by John C. Bull was read by himself. The paper, "Co-operation," by Frank Rauchfuss was read by himself. The paper, "Co-operation versus Competition in State Associations," by J. H. Stoneman was rea^d by himself. The paper, "The Marketing Ques- tion," by Harry Lathrop was read by himself. The paper, "The Development of the Honey Market," by Dr. Phillips was read by himself. The paper, "Co-operatioh Among Bee-Keepers," by J. W. Stinel was read. Discussions were limited to three minutes, Messrs. Baxter, Pence, Crane, Collins, Porter, Bohrer, Henthorne, Root, Rauchfuss and others taking part. -The paper, "Marketing Honej-," by Edward G. Brown was read by Dr. Phillips. The paper, "Breeding Bees," by G. B. Howe was read by E. R. Root. EVENING SESSION, FEBRUARY 17, 1915. The paper, "Straining and Clarifying Honey," by H. H. Root was read. The paper, "The Advertising Value of Apiarian Exhibits at Fairs," by George W. York was read. (No further proceedings of the even- ing meeting of February 17th avail- able.) ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 183 DELEGATE SESSION, FEBRUARY 18, 1915, 8:00 A. M. Meeting called to order by Vice- President Frank C. Pellett. • Discussion and debate were indulged by Williams, Phillips and others on in- corporation and other matters. Motion by Dr. Phillips and carried: That the delegates remain in continu- ous session until midnight February 18th, unless adjournment is made sooner by unanimous consent. Moved by Dr. Phillips and carried: That debate be limited to Ave minutes on each subject. Moved by Mr. Millen and carried: That the transaction of business be ' deferred until the return of Dr. Gates. Dr. Gates in the chair. The Secretary was instructed to read the proposed by-laws. Mr. Baxter re- fused to sign and it was deemed un- necessary. Mr. Williams read the following mo- tion drafted by Frank C. Pellett: That the proposed by-laws be adopted as read. Moved by Frank C. Pellett and carried that the above motion be adopted. Moved by Frank C. Pellett and car- ried to ballot for the adoption of the Constitution as a whole. Moved by Mr. Jager and carried to make it a matter of official record that a copy of the by-laws, present or available, be placed on file with the President of the Association. Moved by Mr. Baxter and carried that a recess be taken. Moved by Dr. Bohrer and seconded that the amount of indebtedness be given by the Secretary and be assumed. Motion withdrawn. Dr. Phillips took the floor and re- marked that they had reached the point where they would now have to disband or re -organize. Mr. Baxter presented the following resolution: Whereas, The National Bee-Keepers' Association, a voluntary organization, proposes to disband; and Whereas, The members of said or- ganization have applied for member- ship in this Association; therefore, be it Resolved, That the members of the voluntary organization and the same are hereby declared to be members of this Association and entitled to the rights and privileges thereof. Moved by Dr. Phillips and carried that the delegates withdraw to the back room. The Chair appointed Mr. N. L. Henthorne to conduct the public session. DELEGATE SESSION, 11:30 A. M. Mr. E. J. Baxter nominated Dr. Gates for President of the Association. Dr. Gates asked that another nominee be considered and Mr. Foster placed the nomination of F, C. Pellett. Moved by Mr. Baxter and carried, that the Secretary cast a unanimous ballot for Dr. Gates. Mr. F. C. Pellett nominated for Vice- President. Moved and carried that the Secretary be instructed to cast a unanimous ballot for Mr. Pellett. Mr. Wesley Foster and Mr. G. W. Williams nominated for Secretary- Treasurer. Moved by Mr. Williams and granted by unanimous consent that the ballots be not counted and that the Secretary cast a unanimous vote for Mr. Foster for Secretary - Treasurer for the ensuing year. Mr. Williams asked as a matter of formality to accept the proposition of the members of the dissolved National Bee-Keepers', Association, unincorpo- rajed, to become members of the National Bee-Keepers' Association, in- corporated, in conformity with the pro- visions of its corporation. Moved by Mr. Pellett, seconded by Mr. Baxter, and carried by a rising vote, that the appreciation of the Association for services rendered be extended to Mr. Williams. The election of three Directors was the next order of business. Moved and carried that the Secre- tary cast a unanimous ballot for Mr. Townsend for Director. E. J. Baxter, J. H. Stoneman, Francis Jager and Dr. E. F. Phillips nominated for Directors. Mr. Jager and Dr. Phil- lips withdrew. Mr. Baxter and Mr. Stoneman elected. The following resolution, presented by Dr. Phillips, was adopted: Whereas, Mr. E. D. Townsend has served the National Bee-Keepers' As- sociation faithfully as Editor of the Official organ ("The Bee-Keepers' Re- view") and as Director; Whereas, There has not been a unanimous opinion as to the policies of the Association and as to the desir- 184 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ability of the continuation of "The Review," Resolved, That the delegates desire to explain to Mr. Townsend that any criticism which may have been made was made in belief in his absolute in- tegrity, and they further desire that he understand that they have not failed to value his services, nor have they questioned his faithfulness as an official of the National Bee-Keepers' Association. Resolved, That the Directors ex- press to Mr. Townsend their regret that he could not be present. Mr. Millen gave Mr. Townsend's view on the subject of membership fees and asked that "The Review" be allowed to be sent to members and those not members and that the fees be $1.50 instead of $2.00. Moved by Mr. Millen and carried to amend Sec- tion 5 by making the annual fees $1.50, of which 50 cents should be ap- plied to the general fund and $1.00 be applied to the subscription fund. The following resolution, presented by Dr. Phillips, was adopted: Whereas, It may be that certain de- tails have been overlooked in the re- organization of the National Bee- Keepers' Association, or have been acted upon in some way not in accord with the laws of Illinois under which the Association was incorporated. Resolved, That the delegates in ses- sion authorize the Executive Committee so to rectify or change any such ac- tions that they will be legal and to conform, as nearly as possible, with the actions of the delegates in session. Moved by Mr. Jager and carried, to thank the old officers for the perform- ance of their duties during the incum- bency of .office. The Constitution of the old Associa- tion was read by Mr. Williams. The Chair made the following ruling, which w^as sustained: That the Na- tional Bee-Keepers' Association, unin- corporated, has duly petitioned the National Bee-Keepers' Association, in- corporated, for full membership, and in due time the National Bee-Keepers' Association, unincorporated, will be duly recognized. DR. PHILLIPS PRESIDING AT 7:00 P. M. Moved and carried that the First National Bank of Boulder, Colorado, be designated as the depository of the National Bee-Keepers' Association, but with the consent of the Board of Directors. Prof. Jager reported for the Resolu- tions Committee (See copy of commit- tee reports). In regard to the importation of de- natured sugar free of duty for bee feeding, Prof. Jager explained the Austrian method. He further empha- sized the need for action to secure the same in this country. Discussion fol- lowed. Moved by Dr. Phillips and carried, to strike out the denatured sugar clause and refer the matter , to the Executive Committee. Moved and carried that the report of the Resolution Committee be adopted with the above exception. Moved and carried that the Execu- tive Committee ascertain the deaths of prominent bee-men and add proper resolutions to the body of the resolu- tions already adopted. Dr. Phillips opened the discussion of the importation of honey. Mr. Root and Mr. Rauchfuss spoke on the large importations of dark grade honey into the United States. Mr. Williams read the following resolution, endorsed by fifteen bee- keepers owning 6,000 colonies of bees: Whereas, The honey market is in an unsatisfactory condition, and it is de- sirable that every effort should be em- ployed to encourage the further use of honey in every legitimate way. , Therefore, Be It Resolved, That the Directors be instructed to take such measures to encourage the publicity of honey and use of the same as they find proper within the financial limits of the Association. Moved by Mr. Williams, seconded by Mr. Phillips, and carried, that the above resolution be adopted. ' Moved by Dr. Phillips and carried, that the former President's report be referred to the publishers of "The Re- view" for publication. Moved by Mr. Williams and carried, that the Secretary secure the records and papers of former years. Effort was made by the Chair to offer opportunity to clear up any ob- structions, or call forth suggestions for the future. Moved by Dr. ' Phillips and carried, that all and any criticism of any action of the old officers be stricken from the records and that acknowledgment of / ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 185 error be made in the meeting, and all charges against any officer or delegate be withdrawn. Moved and carried that the papers on the marketing of honey read at the National Bee-Keeperg" Association convention be published in a special issue of "The Bee-Keepers' Review." Discussion of exhibits at the fairs. The need of a score card was brought out and discussed by Dr. Phillips. Moved by Dr. Phillips and seconded by Mr. Jager that the Chair appoint a committee, with Mr. Yates as Chairman, to study the score cards for fairs. Mr. Rauchfuss spoke on the need of a score card and the benefits from honey displays. Motion carried. Dr. Phillips spoke on the Agricul- tural Extension work being done by the United States government, and of his plan of using the educational fea- tures to educate the County Advisors. Moved by Prof. Jager, amended by Mr. Baxter, and carried, to have a good bee-keeper represent the National Association at the Southern &. Indus- trial Congress. Report of the Committee on Local Arrangements was read and adopted. The following resolution was adopted: Whereas, The spraying of orchards while clover crops in said orchards are in bloom is a menace to the industry of honey production, and has in th« past destroyed or weakened thousands of colonies of bees in the commercial fruit districts of Colorado. Resolved, That we, the National Bee- Keeprs' Association, in convention as- sembled, urge the passage of Senate Bill No. 77 now pending in the Colo- rado General Assembly. State. Delegate. Moved and carried that the final disposal of "The Bee-Keepers' Re- view" be left in the hands of the Executive Committee of the National Bee-Keepers' Association. Adjournment at 10:00 P. M. PUBLIC SESSION, FEBRUARY . 18, 1915, 1:30 P. M. The paper, "Blessings From the Net- Weight Law," by Allen Lathane, was read. The paper, "The Pollination of Fruit Bloom," by John H. Lovell, was read by Ward Foster. The paper, "A Glimpse at Florida Bee-Keeping," by Prof. Edwin G. Baldwin, was read by Ward Foster. The paper, "The Best Methods of Increase," by A. C. Allen, was read by N. L. Henthorne. The paper, "Changed Conditions," by . J. E. Crane, was read. The paper, "Opportunities and the Farmer Bee-Keeper," by James B. Merwin was read. The paper, "Status of Bee-Keeping in South Carolina," by Prof. A. F. Conradi, was read. Supplementary Report of the Creden- tials Committee. We, your Committee on Credentials of the National Bee-Keepers' Associa- tion, do hereby certify in this, our sup- plementary report, that we have examined all the credentials of dele- gates tfius far presented to us, and we find, in the absence of official lists of membership and the difficult means at hand in determining membership, that the following delegates are entitled to seats and the number of votes set opposite their names: Vote. Tennessee George W. Williams, seated 3 Iowa Frank C. Pellett, " Washington Wesley Foster, " Montana Percy Kolb " Indiana J. C. Bull, " New Mexico Wesley Foster, " Idaho J H. Stoneman, " C. N. Western J. C. Bull, " N. Michigan F. E. Millen, " Kansas Dr. Bohrer, " Michigan F. E. Millen, . " Illinois E. J. Baxter, " New Jersey Dr. E. F. Phillips, " H. H. & F. . . . .' Dr. B. N. Gates, " Worcester, Mass Dr. B. N. Gates, " Ad. New York Dr. B. N. Gates, " 3 2 1 3 1 4 1 1 1 2 5 2 1 2 2 186 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE State. Delegate. Uintah, Utah D. H. Hillman, Missouri M. E. Darby, Idaho and Oregon W. L. Porter, Minnesota Francis Jager, Wisconsin Harry Lathrop, Colorado D. C. Polhemus, Report of Auditing Committee. We, the Auditing Committee, having gone over the accounts as given us, find an error of one ($1.00) dollar in the itemized disbursements. The total disbursements are shown to be $2,- 788.86, whereas we find it to be $2,789.86. This leaves a balance in the treas- ury of $17.63, instead of $18.63, as given in the Secretary-Treasurer's report. J. H. STONEMAN, J. C. BULL, WESLEY FOSTER, Committee. Report of Committee on Local Arrangements. We, your Committee on Local Ar- rangements, wish to report that, through the courtesy of the Conven- tion League, the Tramway Auditorium was secured for the public sessions of the convention for the sum of $60, forty dollars of the amount being contributed by the Convention League and twenty dollars by the Entertain- ment Fund of the Local Committee. The Colorado Honey Producers' Association has very generously pro- vided the banquet, entailing an ex- pense exceeding $75.00. The Colorado Honey Producers' As- sociation, The C. S. Morey Mercantile Company, The G. B. Lewis Company,- Dadant & Sons and the American Can Company have assured the success of the exhibit features. Tour Local Committee is indebted to Mr. L. F. Jouno, Mr. Walter Jouno, Mr. Fred Wick and Mr. Herman Rauchfuss for the complimentary use of their automobiles to bring visitors fro mthe Union Station to the con- vention headquarters. The Local Committee has raised the amount of $85.95 as an entertain- ment fund from thirty-nine contrib- utors, itennized as follows: Vote. " 1 2 1 " 3 1 2 E. J. BAXTER, FRANK C. PELLETT, F. E. MILLEN, Committee. A. E. Jouno $ 1.00 Walter Jouno 2.00 L. F. Jouno 5 . 00 Harry Ingalls 1.00 R. W. Ensley *. . 1 . 00 S. C. Rising 1.00 C. Steinson 1 . 00 A. C. Van Galden 2.0O J. R. Miller 4.00 A. Elliott 3.00 J. C. Matthews 1.00 J. A. Everett 1 . 00 R. C. Clary l . 00 L. C. Elliott : 1 . 00 Chas. Adams 2.00 O. C. Richardson 2.00 A. A. Lyons 1 . 00 John S. Semmens 1.00 Harry Crawford 2.00 Caroline Lindenmeir 3.00 J. E. Walcher 1.00 D. C. Polhemus 5 . 00 W. H. Foster 50 M. Cantonwine 3.00 W. B. Walcher 1.00 J. M. Cornelius 1.00 John L. Miller 1.00 N. M. Steinson 1.00 J. B. McKinstry 1 . 00 N. L. Henthorne 3.00 C. S. B. K. A 15.45 H. E. Whitacre 1.00 Fred Wick 1.00 J. W. Hackney 1.00 W. P. Collins 2.00 Wesley Foster 5.00 A. J. McCarty 5.00 W. C. Evans 2.00 J. C. Aikin 1. 00 Expense!. Programs $ 8.75 Phone 20 Advertising 12 . 00 Music 10.00 Refreshments 13.50 Signs ; 8.50 Traveling expenses ^ 6 . 00 7 S ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 187 Rent of table $ 1.50 Custodian 5 . 50 Rent of Tramway Auditorium.. 20.00 $85.95 Signed, WESLEY FOSTER, Chairman. N. L. HENTHORNE, ■ L. P. JOUNO. Resolutions. The National Bee -Keepers' conven- tion, assembled in national convention in Denver, for the purpose of advanc- ing the interests of the bee culture in- dustry, consider it is its pleasure and duty to adopt the following resolu- tions: Old' Members. We thank the old members of the National Kee-Keepers' Association for coming long distances to attend this meeting, thus bringing the memories of the past abreast the problems of the present. We thank those old members for the inspiration which we hope may always animate the N. B. K. A. Colorado B. K. A. .Whereas, The Colorado Bee-Keepers' Association, through chair committees, have provided the National Bee -Keep- ers' Association delegates with all our facilities to easily and comfortably transact their business, and have made our convention a most enjoyable one, we hereby express our thanks and ap- preciation for their efforts. Colorado H. P. A. The National Bee-Keepers' Associa- tion extends its thanks to the Colorado H. P. A. for the cordial welcome and treatment of the delegates during their stay, and the splendid banquet tendered them, and many other efforts which made our stay a most pleasant and enjoyable one. Vote of Thanks. We vote a vote of thanks to Mr. Geo. Nichols, who has been kind enough to act as temporary Secretary for this convention. Resolved, That the thanks of this Association be extended to Mr. Burke Vancil, Attorney, Springfield, 111., as an appreciataion for his personal in- terest in the welfare of the National Bee-Keepers' Association, and in its incorporation. Bee-Keeping in Schools. Whereas, We with pleasure observe that several states in the last few years have recognized the bee industry as one of great future possibilities, by establishing chairs of Bee Culture in connection with their universities, providing ample and free instruction in Bee Culture, the National Bee- Keepers' convention hereby expresses its thanks to those universities and their officers for such aid and recog- nition. It expresses its hope at the same tiriie, and pledges its support to an effort to have Bee Culture recog- nized and taught in all State univers- ities and Agricultural schools of the country. U. S. Census. Whereas, The next United States census approaches, the National Bee- Keepers' convention, regretting the re- sults of the 1910 census, whose figures do a great injustice to bee-keepers by showing up as a small diminishing^ industry by failing to enumerate prob- ably more than one-half of all the bee-keepers of the United States, take the necessary steps with the proper authorities of Washington to secure a just and accurate census of the bee Industry. We recommend the ap- pointment of an active committee ta take up this matter. Fruit Spraying. Whereas, There exists misunder- standing and friction between the - fruit-growers and bee-keepers of the country regarding the spraying of fruit trees, and poisoniing the bees, the National Bee-Keepers' convention, desiring a better understanding with * the fruit-growers, proposes that the proper authorities of Washington take up the matter of spraying and for- mulate a national plan or policy of spraying, which will be acceptable tO' both the fruit-growers and bee-keep- ers alike. Grading Rules. Whereas, A uniform grading of honey is necessary for the maintain- ing of the prices of honey, we sug- gest that more uniform grading rules be adopted. Foul Brood. Whereas, The national menace ta ' the bee-keeper, the . European and 188 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT; OF THE American foul brood, ig assuming threatening proportions, we think it timely to suggest that this national scourge will eventually have to be confronted with a national campaign and plan of warfare toward its eradi- cation, whether this plan be effected by the voluntary organization of all bee inspectors of different states, or by an organized effort of the gov- ernment. Extension. Whereas, The Extension Division of the Department of Agriculture in Washington is most anxious to spread light and knowledge of agriculture to the remotest corners of the country, has through its Extension Division accomplished great results in other branches of agriculture. We, the National Bee-Keepers' As- sociation, respectfully ask that a fit, energetic and capable man be appointed on the Extension Division to visit all sections of the country to advise, in- struct, demonstrate and organize the bee-keepers of the United States, and work hand in hand with the various state and local organizations to bring the Bee Industry into national promi- nence and help it to realize its promis- ing possibiUties. i ! Sugar. Whereas, With the rapidly growing industry of Bee Culture, feeding bees with sugar syrup to keep them from dying of starvation in winter has be- come a great problem with the infant industry of bee-keepjng; and Whereas, The price of granulated sugar has become prohibitive; and Whereas, We recognize our Govern- ment as a helper and aid to all strug- gling industries, we suggest that the Government be approached with a peti- tion to pass a law to allow the Na- tional Bee-Keepers' Association to im- port denatured sugar for the use of its members, free of duty. Resolved, That next year's annual meeting of the National Bee-Keepers' Association be held; in some eastern city, FRANCIS JAGER, Chairman of Committee. ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 189 LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE Illinois State Bee-Keepers' Association FOR 1915, and Statistical Report for 1914, AS FAR AS SENT IN TO THE SECRETARY. (Where no State is given "Illinois" is understood.) NAME AND ADDRESS. IB S Ahlers, H. C, West Bend, Wis 325 American Can Co., 104 S. Mich. Ave., Chicago Anthony, A. B., Sterling, 111 70 Arnold, F. X., Deer Plain, 111 270 Aspinwall, L. A., Jackson, Miss. .... Augestine, A. A., R. 1, Dakota, 111 .... Baldridge, M. M., St. Charles, 111 Balduff, Henry, Beardstown, 111 64 2000 Bamberger, John, Freeport, 111 .... Barkemeyer, B. D., 450 Marion St., Chicago .... Bartsch, F. R., 330 W. 69th St., Chicago Baxter, Dr. A. C, 1412 Holmes Ave., Springfield, 111 Baxter, Emil J., Nauvoo, 111 260 Beaver, Wallace R., Lincoln, 111 .... Becker, Chas., Pleasant Plains, 111 75 .... Beeler, J. M., R. 1, Springfield, 111 .... Bender, Chas., Newman, 111 94 580 Eenecke, Rev. W. P., Deiterick. Ill 14 100 Bennett, C. S., 1022 Jackson St., Clarkston, 111 Bent, Jay, MiUedgeville, 111 .... Bishop, Frank, Virden, 111 74 .... Blume, W. B., Norwood Park Sta., Chicago Bodenschatz, Adam, Lemont, 111 .... Boss, H. T., 3347 52d Ave., Chicago Bowen, J. W., Jacksonville, 111 .... Brelsford, W. H., Kenney, 111 23 50 Brinckerhoff, Dr. J. J., Minooka, 111 11 20 Broschler, Robert, 3226 Osgood St., Chicago Brown, A. F., Hawk's Park, Fla 200 Brobuaker, W. H., R. 3, Freeport, 111 Bruner, E. H., 3836 N. 44th Ave., Chicago Buchmayer, J. F., Iowa City, Iowa Budlong, W. M., 1529 14th Ave., Rockford, 111.. 6 Bull, John C, Valparaiso, Ind Burnett, R. A., 199 S. Water St., Chicago Burrows, Chas., Lincoln, 111 2 . . . - Q H — o — X t— f ^ 33 c CO "i ^M c» . & ^t:^ ■ 3 ■ (6 W 00' C C "^ , 3 3 M a T^ : • •< ^,3 so : a 25400 Yes 00 400 Y^es 00 3000 Yes 600 300 Y'es Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 190 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF TTTtJ NAME AND ADDRESS. Carlson, P. A., 503 S. 4th St., Galva, 111 Carrico, John G., Barnett, 111 Cauniford, C. J., Pecatonica, 111 Chase Bros. Co. Rochester, N. Y Cheesman, J. A., Pesotum, 111 . Clark, Frank, Ridott, 111 Clausen, S. S., R. 3, Oregon, II Cook, H. M., Pecatonica, 111 Coppin, Aaron, Wenona, 111 Dadant, H. C, Hamilton, 111 Dadant L. C, Hamilton, 111 Deem, B. L., Colona, 111 Desart, Frank, 1308 Ottawa St., Lincoln, 111.., Diebold, A. J., Seneca, 111 Dittmer, Fred M.. Augusta, Wis Donyes, Geo. F., Durand, 111 Drake, R. P., Warren, 111 Dreuth, John, Jersey, Ind Duby, H. S., St. Anne, 111 Duff, Peter N., 1749 W. 58th St., Chicago Engle, Tobias, Freeport, 111 Fairbanks, C. A., Anamosa, Iowa Farrington, F. C., Wheaton, 111 Ferguson, L. R., Harvey, 111 Finch, C. W., 1451 Ogden Ave., Chicago Fischer, Henry F., Bensenville, 111 Finger, G. A., Marissa, 111 •. Fisher, W. H., Morris, 111 Floor Arthur, 3346 S. 52d St., Chicago Foltz, Adam, Elpaso, 111 Fosse, E. P., Marion, 111 France, Hon. N. E., Platteville, Wis France, L. V., 435 W. Wash. Ave., Madison, Wis Frey, Jake, Bolivia, 111 Funk, H. W., Normal, 111 Gettler, Frank, Seneca, 111 Glasser, William, Dakota, 111 ' Glasser, W. M., Dakota, 111 Grabbe, F., Libertyville, 111 Gray, W. H., Chillicothe, 111 Haan, Frank J., Riverview, 111 Handel, Chas. D., Savana, 111 Hansen, Charlie, Minooka, 111 Hansen, Will, Minooka, 111 Hassinger, Edw., Jr., Greenville, Wis Hastings, Chas., 1625 N. Union St., Decatur, 111. Haubold, Jacob, Mechanicsburg, 111 Haupt, Mrs. Anna, 12345 Wallace St., W. Pull- man, 111 Hawkins, K. E., Plainfleld, 111 Hayi, C. L., 2000 W. 101st St. Place, Chicago.. ffi o a 02 9% — o 33 5-^- y>^ 3 CD f^ . a< : ffi . o • a • a '. '< SO 16 150 300 Yes 12 30 ■ • * . Yes 25 70 90 15 32 19 18 330 10 .... ' 150 No 50 .... .... 39 500 1000 No 110 .... 7000 Yes 51 1500 2000 .... Yes 130 1200 4 90 260 Yes 19 200 300 8 No 25 No 70 .... 500 Yes 200 600 40 Yes Yes ILLINOIS STATE BEE-KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION 191 NAME AND ADDRESS. Heinzel, A. O., R. 3, Lincoln, 111 Hettel, Mrs. J., Marine, 111 Hitt, Sam'l N., Elizabeth 111 Horack, Chas., Streator, 111 Hoy, Joseph, R. 4, Mt. Pulaski, 111 Humer, J. M., 1234 Gov. St., Springfield, 111 • Hyde, W. H., New Canton, 111 Johnson, Jas. T., Percy, 111 ICannenberg, C. F., Oak Park, 111 Kelley, J. W., R. 2, Peoria, 111 Kennedy, B., 2507 S. State St., Rockford, 111... Kerley, Josiah, Anna, 111 Kildow, A. L., Putnam, 111 King, Harry L., R. 10, Springfield, 111 Klein, John, Mendota, 111 Kluck, N. A., McConnell, 111 Kneser, John, Barrington, 111 Knox, C. S., Round Grove, 111 Kroschel, Robt., 3226 Osgood St., Chilago Kuczynski, John F., R. 4, Amboy, 111 'Lampman, H., & Son, Rockton, 111 Lange, J. W., Thawville, 111 Lawrence, Geo. F., R. 1, Spring Valley, 111 Laxton, J. G., Lyndon, 111 Lee, Arthur, Rockton, 111 Lee, H. W., Pecatonica, 111 Legat, Sylvester, Spring Valley, 111 Leka, G. W., R. 61, Mechanicsburg, 111.. Lind, M. M., Baden, 111 Lyman, W. C, Downers Grove, 111 Marshall, Wm., Carpentersville, 111 Martin, M. M., Caledonia, 111. Miller, E. S., Valparaiso. Ind Moore, W. B., Altona, 111 Mottaz, A., Utica, 111 , Muchleip, H., Apple River, 111 Ness, L. L., Morris, 111 Newburn, J. W., Wenona, 111 Norberg, Arthur, Spring Valley, 111 Oakes, Lannes P., Metropolis, 111 Olson, John, Davis, 111 Opfer, A. H., 6559 Patterson Ave., Chicago, . . . Opfner, Fred, Peotone, 111 Pike,, E. C, St. Charles, 111 Poindexter, Jas., R. 5, Bloomington, 111 Price, Henry, Elizabeth, 111 Rauschenberg, W., 5812 Lawrence Ave., Jeffer- son Sta., Chicago Reynolds, Alvah, Altona, 111 Reynolds, W. G., 4340 Ogden Ave., Chicago . . . Robbins, Daniel E., Payson, 111. 9% 60 48 23 20 30 90 25 110 120 40 80 65 175 57 40 30 . 3 . (6 • '< a a o 3 a ■■ 250 500 1500 m 3 1-9 .3- c » '^^ o S, c 3cg Co ■ a. Yes No 25 75 300 1500 600 300 500 2000 200 2000 100 2500 500 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 30 740 2000 1000 200 2100 360 Yes Y'es No 192 FOURTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE NAME AND AD73RESS. Robertson, J. S., 5324 Ferdinand St., Austin Sta., Chicago Roehrs, R., Hinsdale, 111 Rogers, H. D., Lewistown, 111 Ross, R. B., Jr., 317 Metcalf Ave., Westmount, Que., Can ; . . Russo, Gottleib, 3029 N. Leavitt, Chicago Sauer, Geo. L., Polo, 111 Schmertman, Louis, R. 1, Freeport, 111 Seastream, Geo., Box 142, Pawnee, 111 Secor, W. G., Greenfield, 111 Seibold, Jacob, Homer, 111 Seybold, C. W., Horace, 111 Shawver, Oscar, Casey, 111 Simmons, J. R., Harvey, 111 Smith, Wm. S., Polo, 111 Snell, F. A., Milledgeville, 111 Stumm, W. H., Edinburg, 111 Sylvester, L., Aurora, 111 Tentemacher, H., Dyer, Ind Tiedge, E., 2842 N. Sawyer Ave., Chicago Turner, W. P., Peoria Heights, 111 Valerins, Chas., Elkville, 111 Vanbutsele, Louis, Collinsville, 111 Van De Wiel, Anton, E. Dubuque, 111 Vogel, Henry, Galena, 111 Wachter, Martin, Hinsdale, 111 Werner, Louis, Edwardsville, 111 Wheeler, J; C, 91 Austin Blvd., Oak Park, 111... Whitmore, H., Momence, 111 Wiegand, Adam, 1575 Clyborn Ave., Chicago. Withrow, G. M., Mechanicsburg, 111 Wolfe, Austin D., Parkville, Mo Woodman, A. G., Grand Rapids, Mich Wuretig, C. J., 118 Vt. St., Blue Island, 111 Youla, Chas., Scales Mound, 111 4 18 58 48 28 22 47 80 12 62 70 25 20 40 n HI 03 *■© 3 (D a — X 3 '* ■IS . rp Dj o 3 A 300 , 25 gooo 150 200 100 1500 200 70 500 200 75 500 3H ,3* OS o £, c 3W ft- H^ •